September 10th, 2001 Volume 10 No.26 Update on Pest Management and Crop Development
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| 2001 FRUIT ARTHROPOD PEST REVIEW |
(Art Agnello ama4@nysaes.cornell.edu & Dave Kain dpk1@nysaes.cornell.edu, Entomology, Geneva)
The past weekend's encore of summer weather made it seem as though the seasons aren't quite ready to change just yet, and we'll probably continue to have some warm temperatures during September. Nevertheless, the daylength and other autumn cues can't be ignored, so it's probably safe to begin thinking of this season's insect and mite activity in the past tense.
As far as these things go, 2001 was a fairly uneventful season for arthropod pests; they weren't absent, certainly, and some were problematic, but in general, populations occurred and progressed about as expected, once the weather was taken into account. A gradually warming early spring developed into three weeks of hot days starting the last week of April (messing up the bloom progression, as usual), and then cooling towards normal by late May, culminating in some damaging hailstorms on Memorial Day. True summer weather moved in about mid-June, with scattered storms, and then turned warmer again at the end of the month and into July, from which point we entered the long hot and dry pattern that persisted through August.
The key pests offered few surprises. European red mite control seemed to be good during the early season, with some predictable outbreaks (plus a few of twospotted mites) provoked by the midsummer heat. Plum curculio entered just as the bloom heat wave subsided, and exhibited another protracted oviposition period that didn't finish in western N.Y. until the middle of June, so a full protectant program of 2-3 sprays was indicated in most orchards. Obliquebanded leafroller appeared on schedule, and generally responded well to treatment in orchards with a presumptive high population. However, some growers were misled by an apparent absence of July larval populations that ended up turning into fruit damage later on. In fact, terminal infestations were relatively scarce, but only because the dry weather truncated the production of new foliar growth. Under those conditions, OBLR larvae tend to feed on the undersides (along the midveins and edges) of protected younger leaves without noticeably rolling them, so they may be undetected until they move to the developing fruits.
The dry weather also had its effect on foliar feeders such as aphids, leafhoppers and leafminers, which were increasingly hard to find as the summer wore on. Apple maggot felt the pinch as well, arriving a bit later than usual, and remaining at generally low numbers outside of a few localized spots.
In the category of running concerns, the state's oriental fruit moth population seemed to be at its normal size and level of incidence this year, particularly in the stone fruit orchards in the Niagara region. Flights were (and still are) very healthy, with fruit infestations a real threat in cases where sufficient mating disruption and/or insecticidal tactics weren't employed. Also, we seemed to hear a bit more about dogwood borers in apples this season than has usually been the case, although this may be more a reflection of an increased awareness of their ongoing occurrence.
A few pests didn't make themselves very apparent this year, although it's always possible we weren't looking in the right places. Pear psylla, San Jose scale and Comstock mealybug appeared to be either low or else well controlled. Mirid bugs and their damage weren't particularly numerous, similarly to their tarnished plant bug cousins. Doubtless, these impressions will all be updated once more of the fruit reaches the packinghouse door.
The mite causes three distinct types of damage. During winter, the feeding of the mites under the bud scales is believed to cause the bud to dry and fail to develop. This type of damage is similar to and may be confused with bud injury from insufficient winter chilling. Fruit damage is the most serious aspect of blister mite attack. It occurs as a result of mites feeding on the developing pears, from the green-tip stage through bloom, causing russet spots. These spots, which are often oval in shape, are usually depressed with a surrounding halo of clear tissue. They are 1/4-1/2 inch in diameter and frequently run together. A third type of injury is the blistering of leaves; blisters are 1/8-1/4 inch across and, if numerous, can blacken most of the leaf surface. Although defoliation does not occur, leaf function can be seriously impaired by a heavy infestation.
| TIMING IS EVERYTHING |
(Dave Kain dpk1@nysaes.cornell.edu & Art Agnello ama4@nysaes.cornell.edu, Entomology, Geneva)
While the season started out cool (most of April degree day accumulations were below normal) we quickly "caught up" in early May with temperatures in the 70's and 80's that brought ‘Red Delicious’ bloom on about a week earlier than "normal" and caused bloom to last only 4 days in Geneva. Of course, it immediately cooled down after bloom to become pretty normal in terms of degree-day accumulation, and remained that way all season. Accordingly, we saw little to remark about regarding the timing of pest events this season.
Following are comparative listings of some of the pest events that occured this season (in Geneva) with calendar and degree-day normals. The values and dates are given +/- one standard deviation; i.e., events should occur within the stated range approximately 7 years out of 10.
| EVENT |
Date
|
DEGREE DAYS (BASE 43°F) | ||
|
Normal
(+/-days) |
2001
|
Normal
(+/-DD) |
2001
|
|
| AMERICAN PLUM BORER | ||||
|
1st catch |
17-May(+/-7) |
10-May |
422(+/-105) |
499 |
|
1st flight peak |
2-Jun(+/-6) |
29-May |
711(+/-143) |
693 |
|
1st flight subsiding |
29-Jun(+/-7) |
2-Jul |
1360(+/-210) |
1462 |
|
2nd flight start |
11-Jul(+/-5) |
13-Jul |
1621(+/-243) |
1715 |
|
2nd flight peak |
28-Jul(+/-7) |
2-Aug |
2190(+/-238) |
2254 |
| APPLE MAGGOT | ||||
|
1st catch |
29-Jun(+/-9) |
9-Jul |
1373(+/-201) |
1614 |
|
Peak |
4-Aug(+/-13) |
2-Aug |
2392(+/-212) |
2254 |
|
Subsiding |
3-Sep(+/-9) |
10-Sep |
3115(+/-282) |
3333 |
|
CODLING MOTH |
||||
|
1st catch |
18-May(+/-7) |
21-May | 484(+/-104) | 563 |
|
1st flight peak |
5-Jun(+/-11) | 21-May | 819(+/-196) | 563 |
|
2nd flight start |
18-Jul(+/-14) | 13-Jul | 1874(+/-332) | 1715 |
|
2nd flight peak |
7-Aug(+/-14) | 2-Aug | 2411(+/-416) | 2254 |
|
2nd flight subsiding |
8-Sep(+/-14) | 10 Sep | 3261(+/-340) | 3333 |
| GREEN FRUITWORM | ||||
|
1st catch |
4-Apr(+/-8) |
9-Apr |
88(+/-38) |
35 |
|
Peak |
14-Apr(+/-11) |
23-Apr |
139(+/-53) |
137 |
|
Subsiding |
6-May(+/-11) |
3-May |
336(+/-114) |
271 |
| LESSER APPLEWORM | ||||
|
1st catch |
10-May(+/-9) |
7-May |
380(+/-150) |
347 |
|
1st flight peak |
21-May(+/-8) |
10-May |
559(+/-168) |
401 |
|
1st flight subsiding |
19-Jun(+/-9) |
21-Jun |
1163(+/-229) |
1174 |
|
2nd flight starts |
10-Jul(+/-12) |
5-Jul |
649(+/-370) |
1526 |
|
2nd flight peak |
5-Sep(+/-18) |
30-Jul |
3045(+/-239) |
2169 |
| LESSER PEACHTREE BORER | ||||
|
1st catch |
26-May(+/-9) |
21-May |
578(+/-147) |
563 |
|
Flight subsiding |
9-Sep(+/-6) |
10-Sep |
3181(+/-222) |
3333 |
| OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER | ||||
|
1st catch |
10-Jun(+/-5) |
11-Jun |
917(+/-88) |
890 |
|
1st flight peak |
19-Jun(+/-9) |
11-Jun |
1141(+/-192) |
890 |
|
2nd flight begins |
7-Aug(+/-10) |
6-Aug |
2490(+/-185) |
2383 |
| ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH | ||||
|
1st catch |
1-May(+/-8) |
7-May |
289(+/-95) |
347 |
|
1st flight peak |
13-May(+/-11) |
10-May |
419(+/-95) |
401 |
|
2nd flight begins |
1-Jul(+/-5) |
2-Jul |
1430(+/-149) |
1462 |
|
2nd flight peak |
9-Jul(+/-11) |
9-Jul |
1772(+/-380) |
1614 |
|
3rd flight begins |
11-Aug(+/-9) |
13-Aug |
2542(+/-227) |
2629 |
|
3rd flight peak |
26-Aug(+/-16) |
24-Aug |
2946(+/-327) |
2926 |
| PANDEMIS LEAFROLLER | ||||
|
1st catch |
5-Jun(+/-9) |
4-Jun |
817(+/-51) |
759 |
|
Flight peak |
11-Jun(+/-11) |
11-Jun |
985(+/-118) |
890 |
|
Flight subsides |
5-Jul(+/-6) |
2-Jul |
1546(+/-133) |
1462 |
| PEACHTREE BORER | ||||
|
1st catch |
16-Jun(+/-11) |
29-Jun |
1040(+/-284) |
1372 |
|
Flight subsides |
24-Aug(+/-14) |
16-Aug |
2835(+/-310) |
2707 |
| REDBANDED LEAFROLLER | ||||
|
1st catch |
17-Apr(+/-8) |
23-Apr |
180(+/-83) |
137 |
|
1st flight peak |
4-May(+/-9) |
3-May |
305(+/-79) |
271 |
|
2nd flight begins |
1-Jul(+/-6) |
2-Jul |
1471(+/-216) |
1462 |
|
2nd flight peak |
13-Jul(+/-6) |
26-Jul |
1768(+/-268) |
2088 |
|
2nd flight subsiding |
4-Aug(+/-11) |
6-Aug |
2381(+/-258) |
2383 |
|
3rd flight begins |
20-Aug(+/-11) |
20-Aug |
2787(+/-175) |
2822 |
|
3rd flight peak |
28-Aug(+/-12) |
3-Sep |
2976(+/-259) |
3152 |
| SAN JOSE SCALE - adult males | ||||
|
1st catch |
17-May(+/-8) |
21-May |
479(+/-112) |
563 |
|
1st flight peak |
30-May(+/-8) |
21-May |
658(+/-73) |
563 |
|
2nd flight begins |
4-Jul(+/-11) |
5-Jul |
1676(+/-177) |
1526 |
|
2nd flight peak |
7-Aug(+/-10) |
2-Aug |
2335(+/-234) |
2254 |
| SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER | ||||
|
1st catch |
19-Apr(+/-7) |
23-Apr |
175(+/-64) |
137 |
|
1st flight peak |
7-May(+/-7) |
7-May |
335(+/-83) |
347 |
|
2nd flight begins |
14-Jun(+/-7) |
14-Jun |
1063(+/-121) |
964 |
|
2nd flight peak |
7-Jul(+/-11) |
9-Jul |
1613(+/-250) |
1614 |
|
3rd flight begins |
7-Aug(+/-7) |
2-Aug |
2501(+/-165) |
2254 |
| Crop Phenology |
Date
|
DEGREE DAYS (BASE 43°F) | ||
|
Normal
(+/-days) |
2001
|
Normal
(+/-DD) |
2001
|
|
| APPLE (MCINTOSH) | ||||
|
Green tip |
11-Apr(+/-6) |
16-Apr |
116(+/-39) |
88 |
|
Half-inch green |
20-Apr(+/-7) |
23-Apr |
174(+/-27) |
137 |
|
Tight cluster |
27-Apr(+/-7) |
30-Apr |
231(+/-20) |
203 |
|
Pink |
4-May(+/-6) |
3-May |
301(+/-28) |
271 |
|
Bloom |
10-May(+/-6) |
7-May |
390(+/-50) |
347 |
|
Petal fall |
18-May(+/-6) |
14-May |
496(+/-46) |
464 |
| PEAR (BARTLETT) | ||||
|
Bud burst |
21-Apr(+/-7) |
19-Apr |
166(+/-46) |
92 |
|
Green cluster |
30-Apr(+/-7) |
30-Apr |
240(+/-26) |
203 |
|
White bud |
5-May(+/-7) |
2-May |
299(+/-44) |
244 |
|
Bloom |
8-May(+/-8) |
4-May |
351(+/-51) |
301 |
|
Petal fall |
16-May(+/-8) |
10-May |
444(+/-55) |
401 |
| SWEET CHERRY (WINDSOR) | ||||
|
Bud burst |
21-Apr(+/-8) |
23-Apr |
172(+/-25) |
137 |
|
White bud |
29-Apr(+/-7) |
30-Apr |
219(+/-27) |
203 |
|
Bloom |
5-May(+/-6) |
3-May |
266(+/-31) |
271 |
|
Petal fall |
12-May(+/-5) |
10-May |
386(+/-49) |
401 |
|
Fruit set |
17-May(+/-6) |
14-May |
449(+/-44) |
464 |
| TART CHERRY (MONTMORENCY) | ||||
|
Bud burst |
26-Apr(+/-7) |
23-Apr |
210(+/-39) |
137 |
|
White bud |
6-May(+/-7) |
30-Apr |
274(+/-22) |
203 |
|
Bloom |
10-May(+/-6) |
3-May |
351(+/-52) |
271 |
|
Petal fall |
18-May(+/-6) |
10-May |
463(+/-54) |
401 |
|
Fruit set |
24-May(+/-8) |
14-May |
556(+/-56) |
464 |
This material is based upon work supported by Smith Lever funds from the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Scaffolds is published weekly from March to September by Cornell
University -- NYS Agricultural Experiment Station (Geneva), and
Ithaca -- with the assistance of Cornell Cooperative Extension. New
York field reports welcomed. Send submissions by 3 p.m. Monday to:
Scaffolds Fruit Journal
Editors: A. Agnello, D. Kain
Dept. of Entomology, NYSAES
Geneva, NY 14456-0462
Phone: 315-787-2341 FAX: 315-787-2326
E-mail: ama4@nysaes.cornell.edu
Online at <http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/scaffolds/>
