April 26, 2004 Volume 13 No. 6 Update on Pest Management and Crop Development
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Coming Pest Events | Phenologies | Pest Focus | Trap Catches | Insects | Diseases
Coming Pest Events | Phenologies | Pest Focus | Trap Catches | Insects | Diseases
Coming Pest Events | Phenologies | Pest Focus | Trap Catches | Insects | Diseases
Coming Pest Events | Phenologies | Pest Focus | Trap Catches | Insects | Diseases Geneva: Spotted Tentiform Leafminer catch increasing. Highland: Tarnished Plant Bug feeding observed. Return to top
Coming Pest Events | Phenologies | Pest Focus | Trap Catches | Insects | Diseases
Geneva Predictions: Lesser Appleworm Mullein Plant Bug Obliquebanded Leafroller Oriental Fruit Moth Redbanded Leafrolloer San Jose Scale Spotted Tentiform Leafminer White Apple Leafhopper Highland Predictions: Lesser Appleworm Mullein Plant Bug Obliquebanded Leafroller Oriental Fruit Moth Redbanded Leafrolloer San Jose Scale Spotted Tentiform Leafminer White Apple Leafhopper EARLY-SEASON APPLE BORER CONTROL There is increasing concern throughout the Northeast about damage done to apple trees by borers. A little over half of the trees on size-controlling rootstocks in New York have burrknots and about a third of those burrknots are infested by borers. The species of primary concern is dogwood borer, but American plum borer can be prevalent in western New York apple orchards that are close to tart cherry and peach orchards. While we do not yet fully understand the effects these borers have on dwarf trees, we do know that they reduce vigor and can, in time, completely girdle and kill trees. Over the last four growing seasons, we have tested a number of insecticides against these borers. Lorsban is very effective for this use and we would strongly urge growers to take advantage of it where needed. From 2001 to 2003 we tested some other materials, including white latex paint, endosulfan, Avaunt, Surround, Intrepid, Danitol, Imidan, Esteem and Spinosad compared with Lorsban, with varying results. To get right to the point, only Avaunt, Danitol, and Esteem, applied two or three times in midsummer, provided control comparable to one application of Lorsban. Borers can be controlled season-long by applying Lorsban at various times. While postbloom trunk application of Lorsban is still allowed, applying this material early in the season, beginning as early as half-inch green, may be more convenient and will result in less damage than waiting until the traditional midsummer period. Lorsban infiltrates burrknot tissue and kills larvae concealed within. Early application will prevent feeding damage caused by overwintering dogwood borer larvae before the flight begins in late June. And, if American plum borer is a concern, the early application, in addition to killing overwintering larvae, will prevent infestation by the first brood of this pest, which begins at about petal fall. Lorsban is very persistent in wood so it continues to work for a considerably long time after it is applied (apparently 9-12 months in our trials). Other insecticides must be applied prior to borer oviposition and will protect burrknots only as long as they persist, so multiple applications will be necessary. In the case of dogwood borer this is most efficiently accomplished beginning at the time of the flight peak in mid-July, with another application in early August. This midsummer timing obviously will do nothing to control the first brood of American plum borer and will allow feeding by overwintered dogwood borer larvae to go unchecked up until that time. If you can, it would pay to take advantage of the window between now and pink to apply Lorsban for borer control in problem blocks.
Coming Pest Events | Phenologies | Pest Focus | Trap Catches | Insects | Diseases MANAGING BROWN ROT Brown rot is the most serious disease of peaches, cherries, plums, prunes, nectarines, and apricots in New York. The fungus infects the blossoms, immature and mature fruit, spurs, and small branches. Major losses can occur if weather conditions favor disease development and fungicide protection is lacking during bloom and just before ripening. Warm, wet weather favors brown rot infection. In the Northeast, most brown rot infections develop from conidia that are produced on mummies and infected twigs. Conidia are produced in late spring when temperatures range from 55–77°F and are spread by wind, rain, and insects. Although conidia can germinate and infect at temperatures between 32 and 90°F, optimum temperature for blossom infection of peach range from 70 to 77°F. Under these conditions, spores germinate and penetrate plant cells on wet blossom surfaces in as little as 5 hours. In tart cherries, significant blossom infection can occur following 12 hr of wetness at 60°F or 24 hr of wetness at 50°F. Blossom blight may also develop at lower temperatures with prolonged wetting periods. Fungicide program: Some of the label information and restrictions for brown rot fungicides are summarized below. The protectant fungicides (e.g., Bravo, captan, sulfur) must be applied prior to a wetting period to be effective. If disease pressure is not very high, captan may be a good choice for blossom blight sprays because it is economical. Be aware, however, that captan can be phytotoxic to some sweet cherry and plum varieties. Bravo is a better choice for brown rot control on tart cherries and plums because it also controls black knot. Bravo is also the better choice when disease pressure is high, but it cannot be applied beyond shuck split. The sterol-inhibiting (SI) fungicides Elite, Indar, and Orbit are labeled for control of blossom blight and can be applied again 2 to 3 weeks prior to harvest to control fruit rots. None of them are labeled for brown rot control at shuck split or first cover, but if applied at these times to control other diseases on the label (mildew, peach scab, cherry leaf spot, etc.) they will also suppress brown rot infections on green fruit. Read the label carefully because most products have restrictions concerning which stone fruits can be sprayed, spray timing, numbers of applications per season, etc. However, there is some good news. Orbit's label restriction preventing 'Stanley-type plums' from being sprayed for fruit rot control has been replaced with a precautionary statement that reads: Applications of Orbit during bloom to Stanley plums have occasionally caused fruit to be less oval in shape and smaller in size at harvest. To avoid this, do not apply Orbit to Stanley plums earlier than 21 days to harvest. My interpretation is that if you are willing to accept the risk stated above then you may apply Orbit for fruit rot control. SI fungicides should not be used exclusively for both blossom blight and fruit rot; these fungicides must be rotated with non-SI fungicides for effective resistance management. The SI fungicides can provide 24–48 hrs of kickback activity if conditions prevented a timely application of a protectant fungicide prior to an infection period. The benzimidazoles were once very effective brown rot fungicides. Widespread resistance to this class of fungicides has left them ineffective for most areas in New York State. The benzimidazoles may provide effective brown rot control in young orchards in isolated locations where resistant strains from older orchards are unlikely to be present. The benzimidazoles used in combinations with other brown rot fungicides can suppress black knot if applied at 7-day intervals between white bud and shuck split. Rovral is a dicarboximide fungicide labeled for use against blossom blight. It should be used as a protective spray although it does have limited post-infection activity (~48 hrs at 68°F). Vangard is in a different class of fungicides and, like Rovral, is labeled only for blossom blight control. It is labeled for use on all stone fruits EXCEPT sweet cherry. Vangard has yet to be extensively tested for blossom blight in New York. In trials conducted in New Jersey, blossom blight programs that included Vangard at pink or early bloom performed as well as those programs that used Rovral or Abound at pink. Abound is also registered for blossom blight and fruit rot control. The use of Abound, however, is generally not recommended because Abound is extremely phytotoxic to certain apple varieties; particularly those with McIntosh heritage. Yet, Abound may fill certain needs for plum growers. If you choose to use Abound: DO NOT spray Abound where spray drift may reach apple trees; DO NOT spray when conditions favor drift beyond intended area of application; DO NOT use spray equipment that has been previously used to spray Abound to spray apple trees. These restrictions make it very difficult to use Abound in accordance to its label when it is applied with an airblast sprayer. Final Considerations: For many stone fruits, only one blossom blight spray may be needed unless disease pressure is high. Where large numbers of fruit were left unharvested the year before, or when conditions are warm (above 60°F) and wet, more than one blossom blight application will be required. Petal fall applications are essential if bloom sprays were omitted and conditions turn warm and wet at petal fall. Fruits are very susceptible to infection 1–3 weeks after shuck split, so shuck split and first cover sprays are important, especially in wet weather. Spray intervals should be tightened 3 weeks prior to harvest when fruits are most susceptible to brown rot. In order to manage disease resistance, SI fungicides such as Indar, Elite or Orbit should not be used continuously throughout the season for BOTH blossom blight AND fruit rot control. Use captan or other fungicides intermittently with preharvest SI fungicides. Lastly, ALWAYS check product labels for timing and rates of application. Table 1. Labeled uses of fungicides for control of brown rot on stone fruit.
peach and nectarine, and white bud for plum and prune; PF = petal fall; SS = shuck split; Covers = cover sprays; PHI = pre-harvest interval. 2 - A = Apricot; C = Cherry; N = Peach and Nectarine; P = Plum and Prune. 3 - Do not apply Bravo after shuck split. On apricot, petal fall applications of captan should be made at 75% petal fall. Application of sulfur to mature nectarines may cause discoloration. 4 - Elite is also labeled on cherry for control of leaf spot and powdery mildew beginning at petal fall until terminal growth stops. On peaches, Indar can be applied for control of peach scab and on cherries for control of leaf spot beginning at shuck split at 10–14 day intervals up to harvest. 5 - Do not make more than 2 applications per season. 6 - Abound is extremely phytotoxic to certain apple varieties. DO NOT spray Abound where spray drift may reach apple trees; do not spray when conditions favor drift beyond intended area of application; do not use spray equipment that has been previously used to spray Abound to spray apple trees. 7 - If resistance is not an issue, these may be used in fungicide resistance program. Fruit rot applications can begin 3 weeks prior to harvest. Topsin-M should not be used alone. 8 - Do not apply to sweet cherries.Return to top This material is based upon work supported by Smith Lever funds from the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Scaffolds is published weekly from March to September by Cornell University -- NYS Agricultural Experiment Station (Geneva), and Ithaca -- with the assistance of Cornell Cooperative Extension. New York field reports welcomed. Send submissions by 3 p.m. Monday to: Scaffolds
Fruit Journal Online at <http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/scaffolds/> Return to top
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