SCAFFOLDS Fruit Journal, Geneva, NY Volume 4 Update on Pest Management and Crop Development June 19, 1995
43F 50F
Current DD accumulations (Geneva 1/1-6/19): 1055 703
(Highland 3/1-6/19): 1163 692
Coming Events: Ranges:
American plum borer
1st flight peak 535-962 273-601
Codling moth 1st flight peak 547-1326 307-824
Cherry fruit fly 1st catch 650-1500 368-961
Spotted tentiform leafminer 2nd flight begins 795-1379 449-880
Obliquebanded leafroller 1st flight peak 869-1482 506-964
San Jose scale 1st gen crawlers present 987-1247 569-784
Pear psylla 2nd brood hatch 992-1200 609-763
Apple maggot 1st catch 1045-1662 629-1078
TRAP CATCHES (Number/trap/day)
Geneva:
6/5 6/8 6/12 6/16 6/19
Spotted Tentiform Leafminer 29 25 7.1 4.3 12.2
Oriental Fruit Moth (apple) 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0
Lesser Appleworm 1.9 1.5 0.3 0.4 0
Codling Moth 5.9 11.8 6.5 4.4 5.3
San Jose Scale 2.3 0.2 0 0 0
American Plum Borer (cherry) 2.4 3.0 0.3 0.3 1.2
Lesser Peachtree Borer (peach) 2.9 4.3 6.0 1.9 -
Lesser Peachtree Borer (cherry) 3.0 6.0 3.4 0.8 4.2
Peachtree Borer 4.0 8.8 4.4 3.6 -
Obliquebanded Leafroller 0 0 0.1* 0.1 3.3
Pandemis Leafroller 0 1.0* 2.0 1.4 0.8
Highland: (Dick Straub, Peter Jentsch)
5/22 5/29 6/5 6/12 6/19
Redbanded Leafroller 0.6 <0.1 0 0 0
Spotted Tentiform Leafminer 2.6 0.5 0.9 2.9 9.1
Oriental Fruit Moth 0 0.5 1.1 1.4 0
Fruittree Leafroller 0 0 0 0.3 0
Codling Moth 1.9 4.6 4.9 3.5 1.1
Lesser Appleworm 1.0* <0.1 0 0 0
Sparganothis Fruitworm 0 0 0.1* 1.1 3.0
Tufted Apple Budmoth <0.1* 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.6
Variegated Leafroller 0 0 0 0.5* 0.6
Obliquebanded Leafroller 0 0 0 0.8* 1.6
* = 1st catch
PEST FOCUS
Geneva:
Obliquebanded Leafroller catch increasing. DD (base
43) since 1st catch = 145.
White Apple Leafhopper and Potato Leafhopper adults present.
Highland:
Obliquebanded Leafroller catch increasing. DD
(base 43) since 1st catch = 163.
Spotted Tentiform Leafminer 2nd flight began, 6/12.
DD (base 43) since 1st catch = 163.
White Apple Leafhopper and Rose Leafhopper adults observed.
High numbers of Green Apple Aphids and Spirea Aphids observed. 
Fabraea appears as small, round, purplish leaf spots. The first spots usually develop on leaves sometime after petal fall. Very few growers or fieldmen recognize the early infections because the first leaf spots are usually present in very limited numbers and are rather nondescript. Each of these initial infections, however, can produce millions of slimy spores that are disseminated by splashing rain or by pear psylla and other insects. If spores are disseminated by insects, infection can occur during long dew periods in the absence of rain. Economic damage is usually caused by the rapid development of secondary infections in orchards where primary infections became established in June. If fungicide protection is lacking or inadequate, fruit can become severely infected during July and August. Severely infected Bosc trees can lose most of their leaves by late August.
Fabraea is relatively easy to control if fungicides are applied before the disease reaches epidemic proportions in an orchard. Mancozeb is the most effective fungicide for Fabraea, but it cannot be used within 77 days of harvest. (Mancozeb used at petal fall, first and second cover can help prevent the primary infections that provide inoculum for disease development during July.) Ziram is probably the best fungicide for controlling spread of Fabraea during summer. (Captan is not labeled for pears.) Benlate has been effective in some trials and ineffective in others. Ziram applied on a three-week interval will provide adequate protection, except when heavy rains remove fungicide residues or when the disease was well established before the first spray was applied. Ziram coverage may need to be renewed after 1.5-2.0 inches of rain. Where disease pressure is very high (i.e., early infections were not controlled), sprays may need to be applied on a 14-day interval. As with summer diseases on apples, good spray coverage is essential for controlling this disease. After spots become abundant on leaves, it is virtually impossible to stop the epidemic, and the fruit will almost certainly be severely affected by Fabraea spot.
- Other Ladybird Beetles - Ladybird beetles are very efficient predators of aphids, scales and mites. Adults are generally hemisphere-shaped, and brightly colored or black, ranging in size from 0.8 to over 8 mm (0.03 to 0.3 in.). They overwinter in sheltered places and become active in the spring. Eggs are laid on the undersides of leaves, usually near aphid colonies, and are typically yellow, spindle-shaped, and stand on end. Females may lay hundreds of eggs. The larvae have well-developed legs and resemble miniature alligators, and are brightly colored, usually black with yellow. The pupal case can often be seen attached to a leaf or branch. There are usually 1 to 2 generations per year. One notable species that is evident now is Coccinella septempunctata, the sevenspotted lady beetle, often referred to as C-7. This insect, which is large and reddish-orange with seven distinct black spots, was intentionally released into N.Y. state beginning in 1977, and has become established as an efficient predator in most parts of the state.
Adult lacewings are green or
brown insects with net-like, delicate wings, long antennae, and prominent
eyes. The larvae are narrowly oval with two sickle-shaped mouthparts,
which are used to pierce the prey and extract fluids. Often the larvae
are covered with "trash", which is actually the bodies of their prey and
other debris. Lacewings overwinter as larvae in cocoons, inside bark
cracks or in leaves on the ground. In the spring, adults become 
active
and lay eggs on the trunks and branches. These whitish eggs are laid
singly and can be seen connected to the leaf by a long, threadlike
"stem". Lacewings feed on aphids, leafhoppers, scales, mites, and eggs
of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). 
There are many
species of "true bugs" (Order Hemiptera) such as tarnished plant bug,
that feed on plants, but a number of them are also predators of pest
species. The ones most likely to be seen are "assassin bugs" or reduviids
(Family Reduviidae), and "damsel bugs" or nabids (Family Nabidae). These
types of predators typically have front legs that are efficient at
grasping and holding their prey.
Parasitoids are insects that feed on or in the tissue of other insects,
consuming all or most of their host and eventually killing it. They are
typically small wasps (Order Hymenoptera), or flies (Order Diptera).
Although the adult flies or wasps may be seen occasionally in an orchard,
it is much more common to observe the eggs, larvae, or pupae in or on the
parasitized pest insect. Eggs may be laid directly on a host such as the
obliquebanded leafroller, or near the host, such as in the mine of a
spotted tentiform leafminer. After the parasitoid consumes the pest, it
is not unusual to find the parasitized larvae or eggs of a moth host, or
aphids that have been parastized ("mummies"). Exit holes can be seen
where the parasitoid adult has emerged from the aphid mummy.
Several insecticides are effective against second-generation STLM,
including Vydate, Lannate, Asana, and Provado. All of these products
except for Provado are highly detrimental to predatory mites. Depending
on the product chosen, application can be made anytime from initial egg
deposition until larvae enter the tissue-feeding stages. Sampling is, of
course, recommended before any spray is applied. If Provado is chosen,
the manufacturer recommends aiming for the period 10-14 days after the
flight starts. Unfortunately, if mines haven't yet begun to show up, this
approach requires you to predict the need for a treatment based on either
moth numbers or past field history, neither of which has been shown to be
a reliable indicator of actual pressure. According to our experience
with this material, waiting until the appearance of early sap-feeding
mines will give a better picture of problem blocks, and should still be
timely enough to effectively manage economic populations. Regardless of
when an application is made, we don't know ahead of time whether another
spray will be needed, but considering the aphid and leafhopper potential
in our region under the current hot and dry conditions, a second
application might eventually end up being elected anyway.
We have heard from Uniroyal Chemical Co. that a
Special Local Need label has been issued by the N.Y.S. DEC for Omite 6E
against mites on apples, so this formulation is once again available for
use in N.Y. in addition to the 30WP. Recall that the WP formulation is
restricted to 3 applications per year (7-day PHI), and the EC formulaiton
to 2 per year (14-day PHI). If alternating between formulations, do not
exceed 10.8 lb a.i./acre per season.
Scaffolds is published weekly from March to September by Cornell University -- NYS Agricultural Experiment Station (Geneva), and Ithaca -- with the assistance of Cornell Cooperative Extension. New York field reports welcomed. Send submissions by 3 p.m. Monday to:
Scaffolds Fruit Journal
Editors: A. Agnello, D. Kain
Dept. of Entomology, NYSAES
Geneva, NY 14456-0462
Phone: 315-787-2341
FAX:315-787-2326
E-mail: art_agnello@cornell.edu
