Technical Experience and Accomplishments:

Electroanalytical Chemistry:

• Amperometric Methods:
  
• Designed and constructed early electronic (op amp) polarograph (1962)
  
• Investigated polarographic processes (1962-63)
  
• First to study the photopolarographic behavior of inorganic depolarizers (1964)
  
• Studied the electrochemical behavior of methylmercury cation (1976)
  
• Investigated organometallic speciation using liquid chromatography with reductive amperometric detection (1976) and differential pulse detection (1977)
  
• Developed multi-electrode detectors for liquid chromatography (1980)
  
• Studied electrochemical behavior of molecules having multiple interacting redox centers (1980)
  
• Investigated mechanisms of redox reactions at chemically modified electrodes (1983-87)<
  
• Developed homogeneous liposome immunoassay using a chemically modified electrode (1986)

• Potentiometric methods:
  
• Developed technique of modified linear null-point potentiometry (1966)
  
• Modified fluoride ISE for microchemical analysis (1966)
  
• Coulometrically generated fluoride ions by solid-state transference through Eu-doped, single-crystal lanthanum fluoride (1967)
  
• Constructed first single-crystal ion-selective microelectrode (1968)
  
• Directed NBS program in the development of pH and ionic activity Standard Reference Materials (1970-73)
  
• Developed first fully automated system for the measurement of sodium, potassium and pH in whole blood (1974)
  
• First to demonstrate continuous-flow, gas-diffusion analyzer with ISE detection (1976)
  
• Developed reference method for pH measurement in blood (1986)
  
• Developed crosslinked polyvinylferrocene-modified reference electrode for nonaqueous electrochemistry (1986) - received IR-100 Award
  
• Developed first double-amplification, enzyme/liposome flow-injection immunoassay (1989)

Optical Methods:

• Developed method for the determination of hydration numbers by near-infrared spectroscopy (1963)
  
• Developed first automated flow-injection liposome immunoanalysis system based on fluorescence detection (1987)
  
• Investigated planar-waveguide detection for liposome immunoanalysis (1989)
  
• Studied NIR fluorescence detection in flow-injection liposome immunoanalysis (1993)
  
• Developing liposome multi-analyte immunosensing devices for extra-laboratory screening (1991-present)

Multidisciplinary Methods:

• Directed the establishment of the National Environmental Specimen Bank program at NBS (1978-80)
  
• Investigated molecular interactions at silver electrodes using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (1981)
  
• Investigated thin-layer spectroelectrochemical behavior of bioorganic-metal complexes (1982)
  
• Investigating use of marker-loaded liposomes as analytical reagents in optical and electrochemical immunoassays (1984-present)
  
• Investigating various chemistries for immobilization of antibodies onto solid phases, hapten conjugation onto proteins and lipids, and liposome formulations and fabrication methods (1984-present)
  
• Developing liposome-enhanced nucleic acid assay device (1994-present)

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