Chapter 15
Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower,
and Brussels Sprouts
Link to IPM Elements for kraut cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower.
Link to New York Cabbage Crop Profile
Link to Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management
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Cabbage Variety |
Pest
Tolerance1
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| Fresh-market, Green | ||||
| Heads Up (60) | H |
- |
- |
- |
| Pacifica (64) |
H
|
H
|
H
|
M
|
| Charmont (65) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
-
|
| Morris (67) |
H
|
-
|
-
|
L
|
| Tastie (68) | H |
- |
- |
H |
| Atlantis (70) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
L
|
| Blue Gem (70) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
-
|
| Fresco (75) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
H
|
| Solid Blue 770 (77) | H |
H |
- |
- |
| Green Cup (78) |
H
|
H
|
H
|
H
|
| Solid Blue 780 (78) | H |
H |
- |
- |
| Solid Blue 790 (79) | H |
- |
- |
- |
| Blue Vantage (80) |
H
|
L
|
H
|
H
|
| Ramada (83) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
L
|
| Blue Pack (83) |
H
|
L
|
H
|
M
|
| Gideon (83) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
L
|
| Pennant (84) | H |
- |
H |
- |
| Bravo (85) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
-
|
| Cheers (85) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
H
|
| Emblem (85) |
H
|
H
|
H
|
-
|
| SuperElite (85) |
H
|
H
|
-
|
M
|
| Vantage Point (85) | H |
H |
H |
H |
| Fortuna (86) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Fresh-market, Red |
||||
|
Red Jewel (75) |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Royale (78) |
H
|
L
|
H
|
-
|
| Red Rookie (78) |
-
|
H
|
-
|
-
|
| Super Red 80 (80) |
-
|
M
|
H
|
L
|
| Super Red 83 (83) |
H
|
L
|
H
|
-
|
| Ruby Perfection (95) |
M
|
M
|
M
|
-
|
|
Savoy |
||||
|
Famosa (70) |
-
|
-
|
H
|
-
|
| Clarissa (78) |
H
|
-
|
H
|
-
|
| Savoy Ace (78-83) |
M
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Bountivoy (84) |
H
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Storage |
||||
| Masada (103) |
H
|
M/H
|
H
|
M
|
| Saratoga (105) |
H
|
L/M
|
H
|
L
|
| Storage #4 (112) |
H
|
L/M
|
-
|
L
|
| Avalon (112) |
H
|
M
|
-
|
H
|
| Rona (red) (115) |
M
|
H
|
H
|
H
|
| Autoro (red) (115) |
-
|
M
|
H
|
L
|
| Huron (115) |
H
|
M
|
-
|
H
|
| Loughton (115) |
H
|
M/H
|
-
|
L
|
| Amtrak (115) |
H
|
M
|
H
|
M
|
| Bartolo (115) |
-
|
L/M
|
H
|
L
|
| Lectro (red) (117) |
-
|
-
|
H
|
L
|
| Crown (118) |
H
|
L/M
|
-
|
L
|
| Zerlina (125) |
-
|
H
|
H
|
L
|
|
Processing - Kraut and Slaw |
||||
| Almanac (slaw) (70) |
-
|
-
|
H
|
L
|
| Fresco (75) |
H
|
-
|
-
|
H
|
| Cecile (80) |
H
|
L/M
|
H
|
L
|
| Discover (90) |
H
|
-
|
H
|
M
|
| Genesee (98) |
H
|
L
|
H
|
L
|
| Hinova (100) |
H
|
H
|
H
|
L
|
| Azan (103) |
H
|
L
|
H
|
L
|
| Masada (103) |
H
|
M/H
|
-
|
L/M
|
| Transam (105) |
H
|
L/M
|
H
|
H
|
| Atria (110) |
H
|
L
|
H
|
L
|
|
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| 1: L = low, M = moderate, and H = high level of tolerance to pest/problem. When disease tolerance for a particular variety is unknown, line is left blank. | ||||
| 2: See thrips section for a more complete listing. | ||||
| 3: Days to maturity. | ||||
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Chinese cabbage, heading |
Cauliflower |
| Blues | Amazing (S,F) |
| Tango | Sentinel (S) |
| Manoko | Apex (S,F) |
| Optiko | Minuteman (S) |
| Chorus | Cumberland (S,F) |
| Fremont (S) | |
| Chinese cabbage, leafy | Candid Charm (F) |
|
Joi Choi |
Serrano (F,Tr) |
| Prize Choi | Icon (F) |
| Mei Qing Choi | Starbrite Y (F,Tr) |
| Guardian (F, Tr) | |
|
Broccoli |
Minuteman (F,Tr) |
|
Premium Crop (S) |
Shasta (F, Tr) |
|
Packman(S) |
|
| Baron (S) |
Brussels sprouts |
|
Everest (S,F) |
Oliver |
| Regal (S,F) | Jade Cross E |
| Green Valiant (F) | Prince Marvel |
| Major (F) | Diablo (Tr) |
| Sabre (F) | Vancover (Tr) |
| Ritol (F, Tr) | Rowena (Tr) |
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S = spring; F = fall; Tr = trial |
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Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and brocoli resistant varieties
Cabbage
Seed
can be planted outdoors relatively early in the spring because germination
will occur at soil temperatures as low as 40°F.
The optimal range for germination is 45° to 85°F.
Planting of fresh-market cabbage usually starts in late April or early
May in upstate New York and one to two weeks earlier on Long Island. Most
Chinese heading cabbage (Napa) are direct seeded in mid-May for early
July harvest.
Cabbage for medium- to long-term storage is usually transplanted to the
field in June or early July for mid- to late-fall harvest. Plants four
to six weeks old, slightly hardened, with four to five true leaves are
best. Transplants for summer plantings are usually grown in field nurseries.
For early spring planting, plants are grown in greenhouses where temperatures
can be kept above 55°F,
or they are shipped from southern states. Transplants may also be used
for Chinese heading cabbage. Use a minimum transplant cell size of one-inch
diameter. Plants should have a minimum of five true leaves and be grown
for no longer than four weeks (including hardening) to avoid checking
growth and potential bolting.
Most cabbage in New York is transplanted,
but a considerable acreage of the crop grown for late summer or fall harvest
is direct seeded. Direct seeding requires greater attention to detail
than transplanting, but if the seed is relatively inexpensive, direct
seeding is less costly than transplanting. Precision seeders should be
used to obtain a uniform, well-spaced stand. Good soil preparation and
shallow seed placement (1/2 to 3/4 inch) are necessary for direct seeding
to be successful. Timely control of root maggot and flea beetle is especially
important in direct-seeded fields.
Broccoli
Planting methods are similar to those for
cabbage. See above. Transplants are set starting in late April in upstate
New York and continuing through mid- to late August. Direct seeding can
be successful, but careful attention to detail is required. Direct-seeded
fields should be planted 15 to 20 days before transplants are set out
if simultaneous crop maturity is desired. Seed size is important for emergence
through crusted soils, and seeds greater than 1/14 inch in diameter will
produce better stands than smaller seeds.
Cauliflower
Most cauliflower in New York State is
grown for fall harvest with transplants set from mid- to late July. Some
growers in cooler areas may have success with spring-planted crops transplanted
in early April.
Spring planted broccoli and cauliflower are subject to “buttoning”. See Table 15.4.1 for an explanation.
Brussels sprouts
Brussels sprouts are best transplanted beginning in late June.
Crop rotation and disease management article
15.3 Fertility
Maintain
a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. A pH above 6.8 may be useful where club root is a
problem. See Table 15.3.1 for the recommended rates
of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Boron may be needed on sandy soils
with low organic matter or when the pH is <5.5 or near 7.0. Add one
to two pounds of boron per acre to the fertilizer. Magnesium may be needed
on sandy soils with pH <5.5 that cannot be limed because of rotational
considerations. Apply 25 pounds of magnesium per acre in the fertilizer
under these conditions. Molybdenum may be deficient at pH <5.5. If
the pH will not be raised because of rotational considerations, two to
four pounds of sodium or ammonium molybdate per acre may be applied in
the fertilizer or irrigation water.
Cornell cover crop decision tool
Cornell article: "Closing the phosphorus cycle on vegetable farms: releasing soil-bound phosphorus to support springtime seedling growth."
Go
to Cornell Nutrient Analysis Lab website to find out
how to get soil samples tested.
Cornell Soil Health website and manual
SARE Publication: "Building Soils for Better Crops"
SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably"
15.4 Harvesting
and Storage
Caution: All crucifer crops are sensitive to ethylene
in storage. Symptoms include leaf yellowing and abscission.
Cabbage
Fresh-market cabbage is cut with four to five wrapper leaves and is usually packed at 14 to 18 heads per box. Storage cabbage is usually harvested with one to two wrapper leaves and placed directly in pallet bins that hold approximately one ton of cabbage.
Fresh-market cabbage harvest may begin as early as the first week of July and continue through the summer. Storage and kraut harvests begin in mid-October and may continue through November.
Processing (kraut) cabbage is harvested almost entirely by machine, but fresh-market and storage crops are cut by hand because machine harvest damages the head and wrapper leaves. Harvest aids such as conveyer belts that carry cabbage into pallet boxes in the field are frequently used for the large storage cabbage fields. Cabbage that has been handled carefully can be stored for weeks or even months longer than badly bruised cabbage. Bruised cabbage also takes longer to trim and suffers greater product loss. Overmature cabbage will have a shorter storage life than mature or slightly immature cabbage.
See North Carolina post harvest guide for cabbage
See UC Davis post harvest guide for cabbage
Chinese cabbage
This crop will tolerate light frosts. Napa cabbage is harvested when the head is fully developed and firm. Note: the head will never be as firm as standard cabbage.
Broccoli to be sold by the head should be firm, well developed, but not opening. Leaves are trimmed and heads are sold either individually or by weight. Bunched broccoli is usually trimmed to seven inches in length and two or more heads are banded together. Bunched broccoli is generally stored in containers holding 14 to 18 bunches (about 23 pounds of broccoli). Cooling after harvest is important to maintain quality.
See UC Davis post harvest guide for broccoli
Cauliflower
Harvest cauliflower when curds are tight and compact and still surrounded by healthy wrapper leaves. When wrapper leaves are left on, cauliflower loses its moisture very quickly. Refrigerate at 32°F and 95 percent relative humidity with good ventilation. Under ideal conditions, cauliflower may be stored for four to five weeks. Cauliflower is normally packed in cartons of 12 to 16 heads weighing 25 to 30 pounds.
See UC Davis post harvest guide for cauliflower
Brussels sprouts
Brussels sprouts are harvested when they are about one to two inches in diameter, firm, and with good color. Once stripped from the main stalk, sprouts should be stored at 32°F, with high relative humidity and good air circulation. Under these conditions, sprouts will maintain good quality for up to five weeks. Stored too long, outer leaves become yellow, and texture becomes poor. Brussels sprouts are normally packed in flats or cartons consisting of 16 12-ounce bags. Marketing Brussels sprouts by the stalk is practiced at the retail level.
Storage
Storage facilities should be thoroughly cleaned prior to fall use. All crop debris should be removed and the floors mopped and disinfected. After cleaning, the storage facility should be ventilated to remove all vapors and odors from the cleaning solutions. The floor must be completely dry. Wooden storage boxes are often disinfected to remove pathogens and contaminating organisms that may cause decay. Many disinfectants are available and include the following products that are registered for use on wooden vegetable containers: Dowcide A Antimicrobial, PQ-20 R-T-U Wood Preservative, Boxlife-C, Decco WT-53, and Freshgard 25. Storage boxes should be treated after use in the summer months prior to fall harvest. Whether or not the storage boxes are treated with a disinfectant, air drying the boxes outside the storage facility during the warm summer months will promote desiccation and death of organisms on them.
See UC Davis post harvest guide for brussels sprouts
See Cornell GAPsNET
See Cornell "Smart Marketing" series.
See USDA grade standards for fresh broccoli, fresh cabbage, fresh brussels sprouts, fresh cauliflower, fresh kale, processed broccoli, processed cabbage, and processed cauliflower
See USDA Agricultural Marketing Service site
See current wholesale prices from US market
SARE Publication: "Marketing Strategies for Farmers and Ranchers"
SARE Publication: "Direct Marketing Resource Guide"
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| Table 15.4.1 Nonpathogenic disorders. | |||
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| Crop(s) | Disorder | Management Option |
Recommendation |
| Cabbage | Internal tipburn | Variety selection, irrigation | Tipburn is caused by inadequate supply of calcium in one or more of the leaves. Maintain uniform soil moisture to prevent moisture stress. Some varieties have been shown to be tipburn tolerant. |
| Cabbage | Black petiole | Variety selection, fertility | Black petiole may be associated with high levels of phosphorus and corresponding low levels of potassium. |
| Cabbage | Pepper spot or black speck | Variety selection |
Spot or spec may be caused by high rates of fertilizer, cultural conditions promoting vigorous growth, and temperature fluctuations. High rates of potassium have been shown to reduce severity. |
| Broccoli, Cauliflower | Buttoning | Transplant size | Large or old broccoli plants and those grown at low temperatures (55° to 60°F) are likely to button after field setting. For early spring planting, choose only small, hardy transplants with no more than four to five true leaves. |
| Cabbage | Bolting | Variety selection | Bolting can occur if the early planted crop is subjected to ten or more continuous days of temperatures between 35° and 50°F. The sensitivity to bolting is variety dependent. |
| Broccoli | Premature flowering | Irrigation | Premature flowering is usually attributed to periods of hot weather immediately before heads are harvested; however, high temperatures (>90°F) seven to eight weeks after seeding have a greater influence on the tendency to flower than high temperatures the week before harvest. Irrigation during high temperatures could reduce potential loss. See Cornell Report: The heat-sensitive stage of broccoli flower development |
| Alternaria leaf spot
| Black rot | Black leg
| Club root |
| Downy mildew | Fusarium
yellows | Head rot |
| Root rot | White mold
| Nematode |
SARE Publication: "A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests"
See Cornell "Dillard Lab" pictures and information
Penn State fact sheet on crucifer disease ID
Time for concern: Seedling through
harvest
Key characteristics: Alternaria species cause distinct brown to
black circular spots with concentric rings (target spot).Initial symptoms
are pinpoint brown to black spots on leaf or stem surfaces. See
References 1 and 2.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Examine seedbeds and production fields weekly for Alternaria leaf spot. Record the occurrence and severity of Alternaria. No thresholds are available. Be aware of the presence of flea beetles. Research has shown that flea beetles can spread this disease. |
| Resistant varieties | Crown Hybrid, Rolto, and Rona have shown tolerance to this disease. Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and brocoli resistant varieties |
| Crop rotation | Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild mustard and wild radish. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Site selection | Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants. |
| Seed selection/treatment | Plant treated and/or certified seed. Hot water treatment reduces the inoculum on seeds and is necessary only with infested seed lots. Soak Chinese cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower seed for 20 minutes in 122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the pathogen from heavily infested lots. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | See Section 15.4 Storage. |
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Compound(s) |
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Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance" |
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Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
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| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| azoxystrobin | |||||
| Amistar 80 WDG |
2-5 oz |
0 |
4 |
2-4 |
Do not make more than one foliar application before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action. |
| Quadris F |
6.2-15.4 fl oz |
0 |
4 |
1-3 |
|
| boscalid | |||||
| Endura 70 WDG |
6-9
oz
|
0 |
12
|
12-17
|
Do not make more than 2 applications per season. |
| chlorothalonil | |||||
|
1.5 pt |
7
|
12
|
33
|
Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label. | |
| cyprodinil + fludioxonil (dry and snap beans) | |||||
| Switch 62.5WG | 11-14 oz |
7 |
12 |
20.6-26.3 |
For Alternaria leaf blight and suppression of Cercospora leaf spot. After 2 applications of Switch 62.5WG, alternate with another fungicide with a different mode of action for two applications |
| pyraclostrobin | |||||
|
12-16 oz |
0
|
12
|
4.7-6.3
|
No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide witha different mode of action. | |
|
OLF = Other Labeled Formulations Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://magritte.psur.cornell.edu/pims/) |
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|
15.5.2 Black
rot, Xanthomonas campestris
|
See Cornell fact sheet on BR.
See Cornell "Dillard Lab" pictures and information
Penn State fact sheet on crucifer disease ID
Organic black rot management on crucifers
Time for concern: Planting through
harvest
Key characteristics: Seedlings and older plants exhibit yellow,
V-shaped lesions at leaf margins. See References
1, 2, and 3.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Examine seedbeds, greenhouse transplants, and production fields weekly for black rot. Record the occurrence and severity of black rot. No thresholds have been established. |
| Resistant varieties | Many varieties have some level of tolerance to black rot. See Recommended Varieties section. Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and brocoli resistant varieties See Cornell reports on breeding for black rot resistance 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 |
| Crop rotation | Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped. Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Site selection | Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants. |
| Seed selection/treatment | Direct field seeding is recommended. Plant treated and/or certified seed. Hot water treatment reduces the bacteria population. Soak broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage seed for 20 minutes in 122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the disease from heavily infested lots. Planting clean seed is the most effective means of controlling black rot. Seed can be tested by contacting the Georgia Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division, Capital Square, Albany, GA 30344. |
| Cultivation | If disease develops, do not cultivate or spray until foliage is dry. Clean equipment thoroughly after it is used in fields with this disease. |
| Transplants | To avoid the spread of the bacteria, do not clip oversized transplants. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. Cabbage harvested with black rot should not be placed into storage. |
| Sanitation | See Storage section. See poster "Weeds as reservoirs of Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris in New York" |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance" |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field UseEIQ |
Comments |
| copper compounds | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. Copper compounds are unable to control disease when wet weather is persistant. |
|
OLF = Other Labeled Formulations Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://magritte.psur.cornell.edu/pims/) |
|||||
Organic black leg management for crucifers
Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases
Time for concern: Seed
Key characteristics: Black leg causes dark, sunken cankers at the base
of the stem or light brown circular leaf spots. Look for black, speck
size, pycnidia on cankers and spots. See References
1 and 2.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Record the occurrence and severity of black leg. No thresholds are available. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. |
| Crop rotation | Minimum four years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Site selection | Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants. |
| Seed selection/treatment | Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. Hot water treatment kills the black leg fungi and is necessary only on infected seed lots. Soak broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage seed for 20 minutes in 122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the disease from heavily infested lots. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | See Storage section. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance" |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| iprodione | |||||
0.5 lb/lb |
For use on broccoli only. Apply at 2-4 leaf stage. Do not make more than 2 applications per crop (Group 2 fungicide). | ||||
4 lb/gal |
|||||
| pyraclostrobin | |||||
12-16 oz |
0 |
12 |
4.7-6.3 |
No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 1 application of Cabrio before alternating to a non-group 11 fungicide with a different mode of action. | |
|
|
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|
15.5.4 Clubroot,
Plasmodiophora brassicae
|
See Cornell fact sheet on CR.
See Cornell diagnostic fact sheet on CR.
Penn State fact sheet on crucifer disease ID
Organic clubroot management for crucifers
Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases
Time for concern: Seedling through
harvest
Key characteristics: Large spindle-shaped galls appear on roots;
yellowing and wilting occurs on the aboveground portion. See
References 1 and 2.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Examine seedbeds and production fields weekly for clubroot. Record the occurrence of clubroot. No thresholds are available. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. |
| Crop rotation | The clubbed roots disintegrate and contaminate the soil with resting spores for seven to ten years or longer. Minimum seven years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild mustard and wild radish. Avoid fields where crucifer plant wasted has been dumped. Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Site selection | Land should be selected that has not produced cruciferous crops for seven years or longer. |
| Soil management | Adjust soil pH to 6.8 with ground limestone to manage clubroot. Broadcast and incorporate at least 1500 pounds per acre of hydrated lime at least six weeks before planting. The final pH should be about 7.2. Hydrated lime should be added each year unless the soil pH exceeds 7.5. SARE Publication: "Building Soils for Better Crops" SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably" |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | See Storage section. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance" |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| PCNB | |||||
|
or OLF 0.75 lb/lb |
|
|
|
53
|
Transplant solution.Do not use liquid Terraclor. |
|
or OLF 0.75 lb/lb |
|
|
|
788
|
In-furrow. Do not use liquid Terraclor. |
|
or OLF 0.75 lb/lb |
|
|
|
|
Broadcast. Do not use liquid Terraclor. |
|
* Other Labeled Formulations Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://magritte.psur.cornell.edu/pims/) |
|||||
Penn State fact sheet on crucifer disease ID
Organic downy mildew management for crucifers
Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases
Time for concern: Seedling through
harvest
Key characteristics: Small, yellow leaf spots turn brown with blue
or black lace-like markings. Vascular tissue is discolored. In moist weather,
look for white downy mold on leaf underside. See Ref.
1 and 2.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Record the occurrence and severity of downy mildew. No thresholds have been established. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. |
| Crop rotation | Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped. Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | See Storage section. |
| Site selection and Seed selection/treatment |
These are not currently viable management options. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance" |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| azoxystrobin | |||||
| Amistar 80 WDG |
2-5 oz |
0 |
4 |
2-4 |
Do not apply more than one application of Amistar or Quadris before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action. Do not make more than 3 applications of a QoI fungicide per crop year. |
| Quadris F |
6.2-15.4 fl oz |
0 |
4 |
1-3 |
|
| chlorothalonil | |||||
|
1.5 pt |
7
|
12
|
33
|
Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label. | |
| copper compounds | |||||
|
Champ F or OLF
|
|
|
|
|
Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. |
| fosetyl-Al | |||||
|
0.8 lb/lb |
|
|
|
|
|
| maneb | |||||
|
0.75 lb/lb |
|
|
|
|
|
| mefenoxam + chlorothalonil | |||||
| phosphorous acid | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Use higher rates and shorter intervals when disease pressure is moderate to high. |
| pyraclostrobin | |||||
|
12-16 oz |
0
|
12
|
5-6
|
No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide witha different mode of action. | |
|
|
|||||
|
15.5.6 Fusarium
yellows, Fusarium oxysporum
|
See Cornell fact sheet on FY
See Cornell "Dillard Lab" pictures
Penn
State fact sheet on crucifer disease ID
Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases
Time for concern: Planting through harvest
Key characteristics: Fusarium yellows causes a sickly, dwarfed, yellow
appearance and leaf drop, with vascular tissue browning on affected sides
of leaves and plants. Leaves often are twisted, with one-sided yellowing.
Oldest leaves are usually affected first. See References
1 and 2.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Record the occurrence and severity of Fusarium yellows. No thresholds have been established. |
| Resistant varieties | Resistant varieties are the most effective means of controlling this disease. See Section 15.1 Recommended Varieties. Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and broccoli resistant varieties |
| Crop rotation | Minimum seven years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Site selection | Select fields that have not had crucifers for seven years or more. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | See Section15.4 Storage. |
| Seed selection/treatment | This is not a currently viable management option. |
| Compound(s) | No pesticides are available to manage this disease. |
See photo gallery of broccoli head rot
Organic head rot management for crucifers
Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases
Time for concern: Heading to harvest
Key characteristics: Head rot begins as water-soaked florets that
become malodorous and soft-rotted if head maturation coincides with periods
of prolonged, wet weather.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Tight heads and doming are important horticultural characteristics for lessening bacterial head rot. Record the occurrence and severity of head rot. No thresholds have been established. |
| Resistant Varieties | Shogun, Green Defender, and Pirate are less susceptible to head rot than other varieties but may be lacking in other horticultural qualities. Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and broccoli resistant varieties |
| Irrigation | Avoid excessive irrigation. |
| Crop rotation | Minimum two years without cruciferous crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard.Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Site selection | Select land with good air movement and favorable soil moisture. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | Clean all tools used during harvest. Avoid entering fields when plants are wet. |
| Seed selection/treatment | This is not a currently viable management option. |
| Compounds | No pesticides are available to manage this disease |
Ontario,
Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases
Time for concern:At planting and early
growth stages.
Key characteristics: Depending on the time of onset, infection
by these organisms may appear as seed decay, seedling damping-off, or
root rot. Rhizoctonia infections may also result in wire-stem symptoms
as well as foliar blight symptoms on top of the head and the outer leaves.
Leaf margins discolor red to purple, and leaves die beginning at the tip
and progressing toward the stem. Plants may wilt, and gray-brown lesions
may appear on stems and lower leaves at the soil surface. See Reference
2.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Record the occurrence and severity of root rot. No thresholds have been established. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. |
| Crop rotation | Minimum three years out of vegetables. Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell article: "Cropping sequences and root health" Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Seed selection/treatment | Plant disease-free seed that has been treated with fungicides (Apron or Maxim) |
| Site selection | Plant on well-drained and light-textured soils. SARE Publication: "Building Soils for Better Crops" SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably" |
| Postharvest | If tillage system in use permits, crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of inoculum for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | This is not currently a viable management option. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance" |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| azoxystrobin | |||||
Amistar 80 WDG |
0.125-0.25 oz/1,000 row feet |
0 |
4 |
<1 |
Use is for Chinese cabbage only for the control of seedling root rot and basal stem rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani. |
0.40-0.80 fl oz/1,000 row feet
|
0 |
4 |
<1 |
||
| boscalid | |||||
Endura 70 WDG |
6-9 oz |
0 |
12 |
12-17 |
For suppression only of Rhizoctonia bottom rot. Do not make more than 2 applications of Endura per season. |
| mefenoxam | |||||
| Ridomil
Gold EC or OLF
|
|
|
|
4-7
|
Used
for control of Pythium damping-off at 0.25-0.5 pt/A. Do not dip
plants in Ridomil solution or crop injury may occur.
|
PCNB |
|||||
| Terraclor 75% WP |
15-20 lb/50+ gal |
- |
12 |
394-525 |
Broadcast application. PCNB is used to control Rhizoctonia wire-stem. |
Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. |
|||||
pyraclostrobin |
|||||
12-16 oz |
0 |
12 |
4.7-6.3 |
For Rhizoctonia blight. Do not make more than 1 application of Cabrio before alternating to a non-group 11 fungicide with a different mode of action. | |
|
OLF = Other Labeled Formulations |
|||||
|
15.5.9 Sclerotinia
white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
|
See Cornell fact sheet on SWM.
Penn State fact sheet on crucifer disease ID
Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases
Organic white mold management for crucifers
Time for concern: Head formation through
harvest
Key characteristics: Sclerotinia white mold causes bleached water-soaked
spots that enlarge to irregular-shaped areas that become covered with
white fluffy mold. Look for black sclerotia on and in diseased parts.
See References 1, 2, and 4.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Record the occurrence and severity of Sclerotinia white mold. No thresholds have been established. |
| Note(s) | Avoid mechanical damage to plants. Avoid weedy fields infested with ragweed and velvetleaf. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. |
| Crop rotation | Minimum three years without crucifer crops, susceptible weeds (ragweed and velvetleaf), or other susceptible crops, such as beans and carrots. Rotations with nonhosts such as grains and sweet corn are recommended. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped. Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Site selection | Select fields with good air and water drainage. Avoid weedy fields. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | See Section 15.4 Storage. |
| Seed selection/treatment | This is not a currently viable management option. |
| Biological control | See Cornell poster: "Biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum" |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance" |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field UseEIQ |
Comments |
| boscalid | |||||
| Endura 70 WDG |
6-9
oz
|
0 |
12
|
6-17
|
For control of Sclerotinia stem rot. Do not make more than 2 applications per season. |
| Coniothyrium minitans | |||||
|
2-4
lbs/50-100 gals water
|
0
|
4
|
0.7-1.4
|
Apply biofungicide at least 3 months prior to anticipated white mold outbreak. Read label for details of soil application and incorporation which is critical for performance. | |
|
Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://magritte.psur.cornell.edu/pims/) |
|||||
|
15.5.10 Sugar
beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii
|
Time for concern: Before planting
to seedling
Key characteristics: Symptoms include stunted plants that result
in small, loose heads. Roots branch excessively. The appearance of pearly-white,
tan, or reddish bodies of female nematodes is common on the root surface.
See Reference 2.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Record the occurrence of sugar beet cyst nematodes. The damaging level is six to nine eggs per cubic centimeter (cc) of soil. See article about on-farm method of assessing nematode population "How to" instructions for soil sampling for nematode bioassays |
| Resistant Varieties | No resistant varieties are available. |
| Crop rotation | Minimum three years without crucifer crops, beets, or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Rotations with nonhosts such as alfalfa and sweet corn are better than rotations with soybean or wheat. Crop rotation and disease management article Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell article: "Cropping sequences and root health" Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
| Site selection | Choose soil in good tilth, without recent history of beet or cabbage production and /or analyze for the presence of the nematode by collecting a representative soil sample. SARE Publication: "Building Soils for Better Crops" SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably" |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to stop further development of the nematode on the roots and to initiate decomposition. |
| Sanitation | Control weeds in the cabbage and beet families, such as lambsquarter, because they are also hosts to this nematode. |
| Cabbage maggot
| Flea beetle | Diamondback
moth | Imported cabbageworm |
| Cabbage looper | Aphids
| Onion thrips | Swede Midge
| Slugs |
SARE Publication: "Manage Insects on Your Farm: A Guide to Ecological Strategies"
SARE Publication: "A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests"
See pictures of CRM
on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of CRM
life cycle
Organic CRM management for crucifers
Time for concern: April through July
Key characteristics: The cabbage root maggot is a small, white,
legless worm with a blunt end that grows about 1/4 inch in length. Look
for brown tunnels in stems and roots.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | A degree-day model to predict the flight periods of cabbage root maggot adults can help growers manage this pest. A detailed description of the flight periods for you area can be obtained through the NYS IPM program's Northeast Weather Association. As a general guide for conditions around Ontario County, adults from the overwintering population first begin to emerge about May 1. After this bring another generation in the middle of August and a final generation in early September. Another general guideline for Ontario County for time of occurrence is to note the flowering period for some wild plants. Research has shown that Yellow Rocket roughly correlates with the first brood adult emergence, Day Lily with the second brood, Canada Thistle and Goldenrod with the third brood, and New England Aster with the fourth brood. Growers may want to apply an insecticide if planting occurs close to an adult peak. |
| Note(s) | Cabbage
maggot eggs can be killed if soil temperatures are above 95°F for
several days. During May and June, these temperatures will often
be reached unless soil moisture is high due to rains. |
| Resistant Varieties | No resistant varieties are available, but all varieties become more tolerant of injury after seedling stage. Broccoli and cauliflower are more susceptible than cabbage or Brussels sprouts. |
| Spunbonded row covers | Spunbonded row covers can control cabbage maggots. At time of seeding, place in the field and seal the edges to keep cabbage maggots out. The yields of late plantings may be reduced by row covers. It is important to make use of crop rotation when using row covers. Otherwise, flies may emerge under the row covers and damage the crop. |
| Natural Enemies | Natural enemies can be preserved by using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 6 for identification of natural enemies. Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Aleochara bilineata, Trybliographa rapae Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants" ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control" |
| Crop rotation | Rotation will help reduce root maggot populations. |
| Site selection | Plants grown in light, sandy soils are more susceptible to injury. Soils with high organic content will be more problematic. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to minimize the spread of cabbage root maggots. |
| Insecticide Resistance Management |
A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file |
| Sanitation | This is not a currently viable management option. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
Common name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| chlorpyrifos | |||||
|
*Lorsban
15G
0.15 lb/lb |
4.6-9.2
oz/ 1000 ft
|
30 (21 for cauliflower) |
24 (72 for caulif.)
|
33-66
|
Apply to direct-seeded cabbage.There has been at least one documented case of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Suffolk county. |
|
*Lorsban
4E
4 lb/gal |
1.6-2.75
oz/ 1000 ft
|
30 (21 for cauliflower) |
24 (72 for caulif.)
|
68-117
|
Apply to direct-seeded cabbage. There has been at least one documented case of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Suffolk county. |
| diazinon | |||||
|
2-3
qt
|
--- |
96
|
83-125
|
Field seedbed use only. Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. | |
|
* = Restricted use only. Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://magritte.psur.cornell.edu/pims/) |
|||||
|
15.6.2 Flea
beetle, Phyllotreta striolata and P. cruciferae
|
See pictures of FB
on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of FB
life cycle
Organic striped flea beetle management for crucifers
Time for concern: Cotyledon, seedling,
and mature head
Key characteristics: Flea beetles are shiny and black, about 1/16
inch long, and jump when disturbed; they chew tiny holes in foliage.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Scout fields two to three times per week, especially during warm, sunny weather when beetles are most active. Thresholds: one beetle per plant at cotyledon or seedling stage since larger populations may kill or stunt plants. Even if good control was achieved, reinfestations can occur rapidly and require additional sprays. No treatment is usually necessary between six leaves and early headfill unless a flush of beetles begin to chew on the cabbage head bound for fresh market. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. ""Glossy"" varieties are generally much more attractive to the flea beetle. |
| Natural enemies | The species and effect of natural enemies are not known. Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants" ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control" |
| Spunbonded row covers | Spunbonded row covers can control flea beetles. At time of sighting, place in the field and seal the edges to keep flea beetles out. The yields of late plantings may be reduced by row covers. |
| Insecticide Resistance Management |
A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file |
| Crop rotation, Site selection, Postharvest, and Sanitation |
These are not currently viable management options. Using trap crops (plants grown around fields to prevent pests moving in) is currently being investigated. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
Common name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| beta-cyfluthrin | |||||
4 lb/gal |
<1-1
|
||||
| bifenthrin | |||||
|
or OLF 2 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
|
| bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
*Hero |
4.0-10.3 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.7-7.0 |
|
| carbaryl | |||||
|
4 lb/gal |
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
endosulfan
|
|||||
|
3 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
PHI for Brussels sprouts is 14 days |
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin |
|||||
*Leverage 2.7 |
3.8 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.5 |
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz |
|
zeta-cypermethrin
|
|||||
|
*Mustang
MAX
0.8 lb/gal |
2.24-4 fl oz
|
1
|
12
|
0.4-0.7
|
|
|
*Restricted use only. Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://magritte.psur.cornell.edu/pims/) |
|||||
|
15.6.3 Diamondback
moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella
|
See Cornell fact
sheet on DBM
See pictures of DBM
on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of DBM
life cycle
Organic DBM management for crucifers
See International Working Group on Diamondback Moth website
Time for concern: June 1 through harvest
Key characteristics: Small, round, yellowish white eggs are laid
singly or in groups of two or three on leaf undersides or lower stalks.
The yellow-green larvae range in size from about 1/16 to 1/4 inch and
are distinguished by active wriggling or dropping from the leaf on silk
thread when disturbed. See references 1
and 7
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Sample simultaneously with imported cabbageworm and cabbage looper. Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 plants total); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Thresholds are given in Table 15.6.1. |
| Natural enemies | Natural enemies can reduce DBM populations by greater than 80%. They can be preserved by using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. Diadegma insulare, Podisus maculiventris, Chrysoperla, Cotesia plutellae, Microplitis plutellae, Diadromus subtilcornis, Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogramma ostriniae, Pteromalus puparum, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai, Granulosis virus, Zoophthora radicans, Tetrastichus sokoloski, Gelis tenellus, Dibrachys cavus, Habrocytus spp. Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants" ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control" |
| Note(s) | Adverse weather conditions will reduce diamondback moth populations. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. However, varieties have different susceptibilities and should be scouted separately. |
| Transplants | Inspect 100 transplants per shipment for the presence of DBM eggs, larvae, or pupae. No more than 1,000 transplant inspections should be necessary for a given field. If the field is less than five percent infested, then the threat from DBM on transplants is limited. If more than five percent infested, consider rejection of transplants or a cleanup pesticide application using an insecticide from a different class than that used by the transplant grower. |
| Insecticide use | Depending on the source of moths, the insects may be resistant to pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and/or Bt products. If control is not satisfactory, check the application method. If still unsatisfactory, contact your local extension agent. He or she will help you determine if resistance has occurred. |
| Postharvest | Plow down crop residues. The diamondback moth does not overwinter in upstate New York, but it may overwinter on Long Island in warm years. |
| Site selection, | Do not plant fields near fields already infested with DBM. |
| Insecticide Resistance Management |
A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file |
| Crop rotation, and Sanitation | These are not currently viable management options. Using trap crops (plants grown around fields to prevent pests moving in) may provide some help in small plantings. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
Common name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai | |||||
| See below. | |||||
| See below. | |||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki | |||||
|
|
|
|
|
5-14
|
Most effective under warm weather conditions. In locations where the DBM has been documented to be resistant to Bt var. kurstaki, Bt var. aizawai is recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
2-4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| beta-cyfluthrin | |||||
1 lb/gal |
Larvae only | ||||
| bifenthrin | |||||
|
or OLF 2 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
|
| bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
*Hero |
4.0-10.3 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.7-7.0 |
|
| emamectin benzoate | |||||
|
*Proclaim
5WG
|
2.4-4.8 oz
|
7
|
12
|
<1
|
Do not apply by air. Allow „ 7 days between applications. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without rotating to another insecticide. |
|
endosulfan
|
|||||
|
3 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
PHI for Brussels sprouts is 14 days |
| esfenvalerate | |||||
|
0.66 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
|
| indoxacarb | |||||
|
0.3 lb/lb |
|
|
|
|
Add a wetting agent to improve coverage. Do not apply more than 14 oz per acre per crop. Minimum interval between sprays is 3 days. |
| lambda-cyhalothrin | |||||
|
or OLF 1 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
|
| methomyl | |||||
|
2.4 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
PHI for broccoli, burssels sprouts, and cauliflower is 3 days. PHI for cabbage is 1 day. |
| permethrin | |||||
|
3.2 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
Performs better in cool weather (60°F). In warm weather, apply during the evening or early morning for best results. |
| spinosad | |||||
|
2 lbs/gal |
|
|
|
|
Do not apply more than 29 oz/A/crop. |
|
Entrust |
0.5-1.25 oz
|
1
|
4
|
<1
|
Do not apply more than 9 oz/A/crop. |
| zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
| *Mustang
MAX 0.8 lb/gal |
2.24-4 fl oz | 1 | 12 |
0.4-0.7
|
|
|
* Restricted
use only. ** Not for use in Nassau /Suffolk Counties
|
|||||
|
15.6.4 Imported
cabbageworm (ICW), Pieris rapae
|
See Cornell fact
sheet on ICW
See pictures of
ICW on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of ICW
life cycle
Organic ICW management for crucifers
Time for concern: June 1 through September
30
Key characteristics: ICW eggs are yellow, bullet-shaped, and stand
on end. Larvae are velvety green and sluggish with a light yellow stripe
running down their backs. See references 1 and 8
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Sample simultaneously with diamondback moth and cabbage looper. Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 plants total); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Thresholds are given in Table 15.6.1. |
| Natural Enemies | Natural enemies can reduce ICW populations by 40%. They can be preserved by using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. Trichogramma evanescens Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants" ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control" |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. However, varieties have different susceptibilities and should be scouted separately. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to minimize the spread of imported cabbageworms to other plantings. |
| Insecticide Resistance Management |
A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file |
| Crop rotation, Site selection, and Sanitation | These are not currently viable management options. Using trap crops (plants grown around fields to prevent pests moving in) may provide some help in small plantings. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
Common name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai | |||||
| See below. | |||||
| See below. | |||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki | |||||
5-14
|
Most effective under warm weather conditions. During the early part of the season, Bt’s should be emphasized because they allow natural enemy populations to survive and exert some level of control on the pest population. Alternate with another recommended insecticide for management of thrips. | ||||
2-4
|
|||||
| beta-cyfluthrin | |||||
1 lb/gal |
|||||
| bifenthrin | |||||
|
or OLF 2 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
|
| bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
*Hero |
4.0-10.3 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.7-7.0 |
|
| emamectin benzoate | |||||
|
*Proclaim
5WDG
|
2.4-4.8
oz
|
7
|
12
|
<1
|
Do not apply by air. Allow „ 7 days between applications. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without rotating to another insecticide. |
|
endosulfan
|
|||||
|
3 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
PHI for Brussels sprouts is 14 days |
| esfenvalerate | |||||
|
*Asana
XL
0.66 lb/gal |
2.9
fl oz
|
3
|
12
|
<1
|
|
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin |
|||||
*Leverage 2.7 |
3.8 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.5 |
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz |
| indoxacarb | |||||
|
0.3 lb/lb |
|
|
|
|
Add a wetting agent to improve coverage. Do not apply more than 14 oz per acre per crop. Minimum interval between sprays is 3 days |
| lambda-cyhalothrin | |||||
|
or OLF 1 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
|
| methomyl | |||||
|
2.4 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
|
| permethrin | |||||
|
*Perm-Up 3.2 EC or OLF
3.2 lb/gal |
2-4
fl oz
|
1
|
12
|
4.1-8.2
|
Performs better in cool weather (60F). In warm weather, apply during the evening or early morning for best results. |
| spinosad | |||||
|
2 lbs/gal |
|
|
|
|
Do not apply more than 29 oz/A/crop. |
|
Entrust |
1-2
oz
|
1
|
4
|
<1-2
|
Do not apply more than 9 oz/A/crop. |
| zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
| *Mustang
MAX 0.8 lb/gal |
2.24-4 fl oz | 1 | 12 |
0.4-0.7
|
|
|
*Restricted use only. **Not
for use in Nassau /Suffolk Counties
|
|||||
|
15.6.5 Cabbage
looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni
|
See Cornell fact
sheet on CL
See pictures of
CL on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of CL
life cycle
Organic CL management for crucifers
Time for concern: August 1 through
harvest
Key characteristics : White, round eggs the size of a pinhead are
laid on the undersides of leaves. Larvae are light green with white strips
along each side of the body. They may reach 1 1/2 inches in length. See
References 1, 9, and 10.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Sample simultaneously with diamondback moth and imported cabbageworm. Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 plants total); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Thresholds are given in Table 15.6.1. |
| Natural enemies | Natural enemies may help to control CL populations. They can be preserved by using insecticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. Hyposoter exigua, Litomastix, Geocoris spp., nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Podisus maculiventris, Chrysoperla, Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogramma ostriniae, Trichogramma exiguum, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Granulosis virus, Perillus bioculatus, Cotesia marginiventrus, Copidosoma floridanum, Phryxe vulgaris, Voria ruralis, Wintemia quadripustulata, Nomuraea rileyi, Vairimorpha necatrix Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants" ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control" |
| Note(s) | Adverse weather conditions will reduce cabbage looper populations. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. However, varieties have different susceptibilities and should be scouted separately. |
| Insecticide Resistance Management |
A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file |
| Crop rotation, Site selection, Postharvest, and Sanitation | These are not currently viable management options. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai | |||||
| See below. | |||||
| See below. | |||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki | |||||
5-14
|
Most effective under warm weather conditions. During the early part of the season, Bt’s should be emphasized because they allow natural enemy populations to survive and exert some level of control on the pest population. | ||||
2-4
|
|||||
| beta-cyfluthrin | |||||
1 lb/gal |
|||||
| bifenthrin | |||||
|
or OLF 2 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
|
| bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
*Hero |
4.0-10.3 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.7-7.0 |
|
| emamectin benzoate | |||||
|
Proclaim
5WG
|
3.2-4.6
oz
|
7
|
12
|
<1
|
Do not apply by air. Allow „ 7 days between applications. DO not make more than 2 sequential applications without rotating to another insecticide. |
|
esfenvalerate
|
|||||
|
*Asana
XL
0.66 lb/gal |
2.9-9.6
fl oz
|
3
|
12
|
<1-2
|
|
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin |
|||||
*Leverage 2.7 |
3.8 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.5 |
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz |
| indoxacarb | |||||
|
Avaunt
|
|
|
|
|
Add a wetting agent to improve coverage. Do not apply more tan 14 oz per acre per crop. Minimum interval between sprays is 3 days |
| lambda-cyhalothrin | |||||
|
*Warrior |
|
|
|
|
|
| methomyl | |||||
|
2.4lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
PHI for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower is 3 days. PHI for cabbage is 1 day. |
|
permethrin
|
|||||
|
*Perm-Up 3.2 EC or OLF
3.2 lb/gal |
2-4
fl oz
|
1
|
12
|
4.1-8.8
|
Performs better in cool weather (60F). In warm weather, apply during the evening or early morning for best results. |
|
spinosad
|
|||||
|
2 lbs/gal |
|
|
|
|
Do not apply more than 29 oz/A/crop. |
|
1-2
oz
|
1
|
4
|
<1-2
|
Do not apply more than 9 oz/A/crop. | |
| zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
| *Mustang
MAX 0.8 lb/gal |
3.2-4 fl oz | 1 | 12 |
0.4-0.7
|
|
|
*Restricted use only. **Not
for use in Nassau /Suffolk Counties
|
|||||
|
|
||||
| Table 15.6.1 Diamondback moth, imported cabbageworm, and cabbage looper thresholds for cabbage and cauliflower. | ||||
|
|
||||
|
%
Cabbage plants infested
|
%
Cauliflower plants infested
|
|||
|
Kraut
|
Storage
|
Fresh
|
Storage
|
|
| Seedling (cotyledon) |
20
|
20
|
20
|
20
|
| Early vegetative to cupping |
30
|
30
|
30
|
30
|
| Early head to harvest |
30
|
15
|
5
|
-
|
| Curd initiation |
-
|
-
|
-
|
10
|
| Curd development and maturation |
-
|
-
|
-
|
2.5
|
|
|
||||
See pictures of GPA
on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of GPA
life cycle
Organic cabbage aphid management for crucifers
Time for concern: June 15 through
harvest
Key Characteristics: Cabbage aphids are grayish green, but often
appear bluish white because of their waxy coating. They range from 1/32
to 1/16 inch in length. Green peach aphids are green, pink, red, or dark
brown with wings. They are also between 1/32 and 1/16 inch long. Heavy
infestations cause the leaves to turn yellow and curl. Plant growth may
also be stunted. See Reference 11.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 plants total); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Thresholds: treat when a localized infestation is found. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available, but savoy cabbage shows the lowest level of tolerance to aphids. |
| Natural enemies | Naturally occurring predators, parasitoids, and pathogens help suppress aphid populations and increases in aphid infestationsare sometimes associated with applications of insecticides that have killed natural enemies. Use Reference 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. cabbage aphid: Geocoris spp., Coleomegilla maculata lengi, Hippodamia convergens, Chrysoperla, Diaeretiella rapae, Praon aguti, Praon occidentale, Aphidoletes aphiimyza, Cycloneda munda, Green Peach aphid: Coleomegilla maculata lengi, Hippodamia convergens, Coccinella septempunctata, Cocinella tranversogutatta, Cycloneda munda, Hippodamia variegata, Aphidoletes aphiimyza, Aphidius matricariae, Diaeretiella rapae, Praon aguti, Praon occidentale, Ephedrus incompletus, Lysephlebus testaceipes, Aphelinus semiflavus, Pandora neoaphidis. Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants" ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control" |
| Note(s) | Aphid populations can increase rapidly during hot weaqther or decline rapidly during periods of heavy rainfall. |
| Mulches | Reflective foil mulches may slow down colonization of plants by winged aphids. |
| Postharvest | Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest. |
| Sanitation | Destroy weeds around the field. |
| Insecticide Resistance Management |
A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file |
| Crop rotation and Site selection |
These are not currently viable management options. |
|
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
Common name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| acephate | |||||
Orthene 97 or OLF |
8.0 - 16.o oz |
14 |
24 |
11-23 |
For green peach aphid control only. For use ONLY on Brussels sprouts and cauliflower |
| acetamiprid | |||||
|
Assail
30SG
0.3 lb/lb |
2.0-3.0
oz
|
7
|
12
|
1-2
|
|
| disulfoton | |||||
|
*Di-Syston 8
8 lb/gal |
1.1 fl oz/100 ft
|
42
|
48
|
6
|
For use against cabbage aphids. Systemic activity occurs within the plant. |
| flonicamid | |||||
Beleaf 50SG |
2.0-2.8 oz/acre |
0 |
12 |
- |
Do not apply more than 3 applications at the 2.8 oz rate. . |
| imidacloprid | |||||
|
*Admire
Pro
4.6lb/gal |
4.4-10.5
fl oz
|
21
|
12
|
4.1-9.8
|
Soil application only. See label for details. |
|
1.6 lb/gal |
|
|
|
|
Do not apply more than 18.75 oz per year |
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin |
|||||
*Leverage 2.7 |
3.8 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.5 |
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz |
| oxydemeton-methyl | |||||
|
*MSR Spray Concentrate
2 lb/gal |
1.5-3
pt
|
See notes
|
168 (7 days)
|
28-56
|
For use against cabbage aphids. Do not exceed 3 applications per season on cabbage and Brussels sprouts and 2 applications per season on broccoli and cauliflower. Systemic activity occurs within the plant. PHI for broccoli ,cauliflower, and cabbage is 7 days. PHI for Brussels sprouts is 10 days. |
| pymetrozine | |||||
|
0.5 lb/lb |
|
|
|
|
Apply when aphids first appear but before populations build to damaging levels. Do not exceed 5.5 oz/A per season. Allow 7 days between applications. |
|
*Restricted
use only.
|
|||||
15.6.7 Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci |
See Cornell fact sheet on OT
See pictures of OT on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of OT life cycle
Organic onion thrips management for crucifers
Time for concern: Precupping through harvest
Key characteristics: Onion thrips vary in color from white to yellow or brown, are 1/16 inch in length, and move rapidly. They cause rough, bronzed areas on leaves. See References 1 and 12.
| Management Option | Recommendation | |||||||||||||||
| Scouting/thresholds | Scout fields weekly. Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 total plants); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Varieties have different susceptibilities and should be scouted separately. Threshold: 20 percent of the plants infested. | |||||||||||||||
| Resistant varieties | The primary method of controlling thrips should be the use of tolerant varieties. Even tolerant varieties may be injured during hot, dry summers. However, their injury will be far less than on more susceptible varieties. Information on the susceptibility of many varieties has been collected by members of Tony Shelton's program and other programs and should be used as a guide in selecting more thrips tolerant varieties. 1=Very Susceptible See Cornell Report: Breeding and Characterization of Thrips Resistance in Cabbage |
|||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
| Natural enemies | The effects of natural enemies on thrips populations on cabbage is not well understood. Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus barkeri, Verticillium lecanii Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants" ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control" |
|||||||||||||||
| Note(s) | Thrips populations will be highest during hot, dry summers. Harvesting cabbage prior to its full maturity will decrease the amount of thrips injury that would noramlly occur. This can be a useful management strategy especially on very susceptible varieties. | |||||||||||||||
| Site selection | Onion thrips move from small grains to cabbage fields when the grain fields are harvested. Thrips sensitive varieties should not be planted near these fields. | |||||||||||||||
| Insecticide Resistance Management | A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file |
|||||||||||||||
| Planting | Thrips damage in some early storage varieties (100-115 days) may be reduced when transplants are planted in late June or early July. | |||||||||||||||
| Crop rotation, Postharvest, and Sanitation | These are not currently viable management options. | |||||||||||||||
NOTE: Our research has indicated that the most effective method for control of thrips on susceptible cabbage is to use a sidedress of imidacloprid 4-6 weeds after transplanting followed up with foliar sprays of acetamiprid from head formation until harvest. However, the least expensive and most effective control, is to use more tolerant varieties whenever possible. |
||||||||||||||||
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| acetamiprid | |||||
Assail 30SG 0.3 lb/lb |
4 oz |
7 |
12 |
4 |
In the last few years, Assail has provided very good control in research trials in NY. |
| beta-cyfluthrin | |||||
1 lb/gal |
|||||
| bifenthrin | |||||
or OLF 2 lb/gal |
|||||
| bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
*Hero |
10.3 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
7.0 |
|
| esfenvalerate | |||||
*Asana XL 0.66 lb/gal |
5.8-9.6 fl oz |
3 |
12 |
1-2 |
2(ee) recommendation supported by quantitative efficacy data. Not for use on Brussels sprouts. |
| imidacloprid | |||||
*Admire Pro 4.6lb/gal |
4.4-10.5 fl oz |
21 |
12 |
4.1-9.8 |
Apply before or at first sidedressing 4 to 6 weeks after planting. |
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin |
|||||
*Leverage 2.7 |
3.8 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
2.5 |
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz |
| lambda-cyhalothrin | |||||
or OLF 1 lb/gal |
|||||
| oxydemeton-methyl | |||||
*MSR Spray Concentrate 2 lb/gal |
1.5-3 pt |
7 |
168 (7 days) |
28-56 |
Labeled for thrips on cabbage. No more than 3 applications. |
spinosad |
|||||
2 lbs/gal |
Do not apply more than 29 oz/A/crop. |
||||
1-2 oz |
1 |
4 |
<1-2 |
Do not apply more than 9 oz/A/crop. | |
| zeta-cypermethrin | |||||
| *Mustang MAX 0.8 lb/gal |
3.2-4 fl oz | 1 | 12 | 0.4-0.7 |
|
2006 Cornell Report: Management of Swede Midge with Cultural Controls and Selected Insecticides
Time for Concern: May 15 through September 30
Key Characteristics:Adults are tiny(1.5-2mm) light brown flies indistignuishable from many other midges except by a specialist. Females lay clusters of microscopic eggs in the growing tip of young plants or shoots. Larvae are small maggots initially about 0.3 mm in length before reaching their final size of 3-4 mm They are lemon yellow at maturity. Larval feeding results in leaf and flower galls and a mishapen growing point of the plant. The growing tip of the plant may become distorted and produce several growing tips or none at all, young leaves may become swollen, crinkled or crumpled and brown scarring may be seen on the leaf petioles or stems. See the fact sheet for more details.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Swede midge injury is difficult to diagnose because there are similar abnormalities that can be caused by other factors including mechanical injury, insect and animal feeding, nutrient deficiencies, herbicide injury or heat or cold stress. To confirm injury is due to swede midge feeding, the larvae should be dissected from the plant tissue. To scout, carefully examine young plants for unusual growth habits. The main growing point and any side shoots should be examined for damage and larvae. Brown, corky scarring is the key indication of the insect’s feeding activity. In cabbage, it is easiest to find larvae prior to head development. Injury most commonly occurs at the borders of the field, especially near sheltered areas such as tree lines, so special attention should be paid to those areas. Plant parts suspected of infestation can be examined with a hand lens for the presence of larvae. Placing the growing tips in vials of alcohol or in plastic bags in the sun will force the larvae out of the tissue. No thresholds have been established. See Cornell report on 2002 survey for Swede midge |
| Crop rotation | By the end of one field season, one pair of adult SM can result in approximately 86,000 larvae. The larvae will then over-winter in the soil and emerge next spring, resulting in more than 3 million larvae feeding on plants in the first generation. This life cycle means crop rotation should be one of the most important management tools for growers. SM may survive in the soil for 2 or more years; therefore, a crop rotation that does not include crucifer crops is essential. How far away does the field need to be? No one can be sure, but far enough (~ 1 to 2 km) to prevent the possibility of SM being carried into the field by a light wind. Without a host crop, the SM female will not be able to find a place to lay her eggs in her short 3-4 day life span. Planting in isolated areas, up from prevailing winds may help decrease the chance of spread. |
| Resistant varieties | Broccoli and gai lan (Chinese broccoli) are the most susceptible crops. Based on research in Canada, Paragon broccoli consistently sustains high levels of swede midge damage. Eureka and Packman are also quite susceptible. Cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage, and red cabbage are also highly susceptible. Green cabbage appears somewhat less susceptible, but heavy infestations can cause severe damage. |
| Site selection | Avoid planting in sheltered areas such as near trees, hedgerows, and buildings. Swede midge also prefer moist soils. |
| Planting and harvest dates | Planting only early season crucifer crops is another control strategy to reduce damage levels and population growth. The amount of damage is directly related to the plant growth stage at the time of attack. The younger the plant the more severe the damage. As plants grow, damage becomes more evident. The first emergence of SM occurs at the end of May – beginning of June. Damage to early plantings will be less severe than to late plantings because the plant development will be advanced by mid-July when high populations occur. Harvesting of early season crucifers begins in July, which minimizes the amount of damage to the crop. Avoidance of late season crops will also help to reduce the size of the overwintering population in your fields. This strategy will not work for long season crucifer crops like Brussels sprouts. |
| Sanitation | Control cruciferous weed species such as wild mustard, shepherd’s purse, pennycress and wild radish because they are hosts to swede midge. Deep plowing of infested crop residue will help interrupt the insect’s life cycle. |
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| acetamiprid | |||||
Assail 30SG 0.3 lb/lb |
4 oz |
7 |
12 |
42 |
Apply in a minimum finished spray volume of 5 gal/A by air or 20 gal/A by ground. No thresholds have been developed. If swede midge has been found in your area, apply as a preventative application to control the first generation. Preventative applications will decrease the chance of quick population increases later in the season. Do not make more than 5 applications per season. Do not apply more than once every 7 days. Do not exceed a total of 0.375 1b. A.I. (8.5 oz product) per acre per season |
| chlorpyriphos | |||||
0.7 lb/lb |
0.67-1.33 lb |
21 |
24 72 for cauliflower |
22-43 |
2ee recommendation. Do not make more than 3 applications of Lorsban to the crop. Do not make a second application of Lorsban 75 WG or other product containing chlorpyrifos within 10 days of the first application. |
| imidacloprid | |||||
*Admire Pro Systemic Protectant 4.6lb/gal |
4.4-10.5 fl oz |
21 |
12 |
4.1-9.8 |
2(ee) recommendation |
| lambda-cyhalothrin | |||||
1 lb/gal |
2(ee) recommendation | ||||
See pictures of slug life cycle
Time of concern: Early spring and fall
Key characteristics: Adult slugs are between one and two inches in length. Slugs can overwinter at any stage of development. Although slugs cannot survive prolonged subzero temperatures or desiccation, the burrows of small mammals and worms provide insulation. Slugs begin to move, hatch, feed, and lay eggs in the spring when temperatures are consistently above 40°F. There is often little or no slug activity in the field during periods of dry weather; however, there may be extensive feeding in damp areas.
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Record the occurance and severity of slug damage. No thresholds have been established. |
| Resistant varieties | No resistant varieties are available. |
| Site selection/ planting, Crop rotation Postharvest, and Sanitation |
These are not currently viable management options. |
Compound(s) |
|||||
Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
|||||
Common name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI |
Field |
Comments |
metaldehyde |
|||||
| 20-40 lbs
|
- |
12 |
13-27 |
||
Key characteristics: Weed fact sheets provide a good reference for common weed identification. See Reference 5. Also, see Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide.
Cornell Weed Ecology and Management Laboratory website
Ontario, Canada weed identification gallery
SARE Publication: "A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests"
See "A Checklist of Major Weeds and Crops as Natural Hosts for Plant Viruses in the Northeast"
| Management Option | Recommendation |
| Scouting/thresholds | Weeds may be unevenly distributed over a field. Localized areas of severe weed infestations or atypical conditions such as poorly drained areas, high spots, and field edges, may be recorded on a weed map. A weed map should be on file for each field. Make a rough sketch of the field, including landmarks, boundaries, crop row direction, compass directions, roads, planting date, date of map preparation, and any other important details. The following information should be indicated on the map: weed species, weed size, density of each species, and distribution of weeds. Scout fields two to three weeks after direct seeding/transplanting to evaluate the success of the current season's program and at or near harvest to help predict weed control practices that will be necessary for the following year. |
| Site selection | Refer to weed maps to avoid problem weeds when choosing fields for cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. |
| Cultivation | Cultivation should be routinely performed in conjunction with any sidedressed nitrogen application. Some cultivation equipment provides superior control of weeds for longer periods when compared to traditional equipment. See Cornell fact sheet on mechanical weed control.
|
| Banding herbicides | Banding of herbicides at planting is not useful in cabbage production due to relative numbers of registered products and their narrow weed control spectra. |
| Cover Crops, Weed Seed Bank Assessment | See report on using buckwheat as a weed control cover crop See report on estimating weed seed banks SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably" Cornell cover crop decision tool Cornell buckwheat cover crop handbook Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool |
Compound(s) |
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Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides |
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| Common name Trade Name |
Rate/A Product |
PHI (days) |
REI (hours) |
Field Use EIQ |
Comments |
| preplant incorporated | |||||
| trifluralin (annual grasses except galinsoga, some broadleaves, ragweed, mustard, and shepardÕs purse) | |||||
Treflan HFP 4 lb/gal |
0.5-1.0 qt |
12 |
13-27 |
Trifluralin is not effective on galinsoga, ragweed, mustard, and shephard's purse. For seeded crops, use the low rate on sandy soils. For transplants on silty soils, increase the rate to 1qt. Caution: Treflan applied after June 15 may affect fall-seaded grains and corn. | |
| preplant incorporated or preemergence | |||||
| bensulide (annual grasses, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters) | |||||
Prefar 4-E 4lb/gal |
5-6 qt |
12 |
120-143 |
Registrations include Chinese broccoli, broccoli raab, cavalo broccoli, collards, Chinese cabbage (all types), and Chinese mustard. Crop rotation restrictions for nonlabeled crops is 120 days. | |
| napropamide (annual grasses, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters) | |||||
Devrinol 50-DF 0.5 lb/lb |
2 lb |
12 |
13 |
May be applied PPI (shallow) or preemergence after planting. The latter application is most effective with irrigation. Crop rotation restriction for nonlabeled crops is 12 months. May be used with both direct-seeded and transplanted crops. | |
| preemergence | |||||
| clomazone (annual grasses and selected broadleaf weeds, e.g. velvetleaf) | |||||
Command 3ME 3 lb/gal |
Direct seeded 0.67 pt Transplant 0.67-1.3pt |
45 |
12 |
3-6 |
Apply only as a preemergent soil applied treatment prior to seeding or transplanting or after seedling but prior to crop emergence. Place seed or roots of transplants below the chemical barrier when planting. Residual carryover of Command 3ME may injure fall-planted wheat or rye crops. See label for additional rotational restrictions. |
| pretransplant | |||||
| oxyfluorfen (carpetweed, redroot pigweed, common purslane, Pennsylvania smartweed, hairy galinsoga, common lambsquarters, and wild mustard) | |||||
Goal 2XL 2 lb/gal |
1-2 pt |
24 |
8-15 |
For transplants, apply prior to planting. Not labeled on direct seeded crops.Transitory crop injury has been observed. Read the label carefully regarding transplant size and age to minimize the risk of injury. | |
0.5-1 pt |
24 |
7-14 |
|||
| pretransplant or post transplant/post in direct seeded cabbage having 4 true leaves | |||||
| metolachlor (annual grasses, yellow nutsedge, galinsoga, nightshade species, and selected broadleaves, e.g. redroot pigweed) | |||||
Dual Magnum 7.62 EC 7.62 lb/gal |
0.5-1.3 pt |
24 |
10-27 |
NOT FOR USE IN NASSAU/SUFFOLK COUNTIES. Cabbage only. See comments below. | |
| May be applied pretransplant surface (not incorporated) or post-transplant within 48-72 hours, the latter is often less injurious. May also be applied post-plant to direct seeded cabbage when the crop has at least 4 true leaves and following cultivation. Syngenta has created a new means of acquiring the indemnification required when using Dual Magnum on the vegetable crops registered on New York State’s multi-crop 24(c) Special Local Need (SLN) supplemental label. The required product label and indemnification can only be obtained through the “special labels” link found at www.farmassist.com and must be obtained by the ‘end-user’. If difficulties are encountered in using the website call the Syngenta Customer Resource Center at 866-796-4368. | |||||
| postemergence | |||||
clethodim (annual and perennial grasses) |
|||||
*Select 2EC 2 lb/gal |
6-8 fl oz |
30 |
24 |
1.6-2.1 |
For control of numerous annual and perennial grasses. Apply when grasses are 2-6 inches tall and actively growing. DO NOT apply more than 0.5 lb ai per acre per season of either formulation. Application on LONG ISLAND is restricted to no more than 0.25 lb ai per acre per season. Always use a crop oil concentrate (COC) at 1% V/V in the finished spray volume with Select 2EC. Use only 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant (NIS) with Select Max. |
Select Max
|
12-16 fl.oz. |
30 |
24 |
1.6-2.1 |
|
| clopyralid (ragweed, hairy galinsoga, smartweed, wild buckwheat, dandelion, hairy nightshade, Canada thistle) | |||||
(#)*Stinger 3EC 3 lb/gal |
0.25-0.5 pt |
30 |
12 |
2-4 |
For control of galinsoga, wild buckwheat, ragweed, and smartweed. |
| sethoxydim (annual grasses) | |||||
Poast 1.5 lb/gal |
1-1.5 pt |
12 |
5-7 |
Apply with 2 pts oil concentrate per acre when annual grasses are actively growing and not under stress. | |
| postemergence-hooded row middle | |||||
| carfentrazone (selected broadleaves) | |||||
Aim EW 1.9 lb/gal |
0.8-1.6 fl oz |
12 |
<1 |
For control of numerous annual and perennial grasses. Apply when grasses are 2-6 inches tall and actively growing. DO NOT apply more than 32 fl oz of Select 2EC (0.5 lb ai) per acre per season. Application on LONG ISLAND is restricted to no more than 16 fl oz of Select 2E (0.25 lb ai) per acre per season. Always use a crop oil concentrate at 1% V/V in the finished volume. | |
*Restricted use only.#NOT FOR USE IN NASSAU/SUFFOLK COUNTIES. Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://magritte.psur.cornell.edu/pims/) |
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References
- Petzoldt, C. H., and C. Koplinka-Loehr, eds. 1991. A GrowerÕs Guide to Cabbage Pest Management in New York. IPM Publication 101b, 4th edition. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
- Petoseed Co. Inc. 1994. Crucifer Diseases: A Practical Guide for Seedsmen, Growers, and Agricultural Advisors. Petoseed Co. Inc. P.O. Box 4206, Saticoy, CA 93007.
- McGrath, M. T. 1994. Black rot of crucifers, p. 730.40. In Vegetable Crops: Diseases of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
- Dillard, H. R. 1987. Sclerotinia rot of cabbage, p. 730.30. In Vegetable Crops: Diseases of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
- Pennsylvania State University. 1987. Weed identification, pp. 1-32. Pennsylvania State University Cooperative Extension, University Park.
- Hoffmann, M. P., and A. C. Frodsham. 1993. Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests. Cornell Cooperative Extension. 64 pp.
- Andaloro, J. T., and P. B. Baker. 1983. Diamondback moth, p. 751.20. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
- Shelton, A. M., and J. T. Andaloro. 1981. Imported cabbageworm, p. 751.10. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
- Chapman, P. J., and S. E. Lienk. 1981. Flight periods of adults of cutworms, armyworms, loopers, and others. Search: Agriculture Number 14. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
- Andaloro, J. T., and A. M. Shelton. 1981. Cabbage looper, p. 751.00. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
- Foster, R. and B. Flood, eds. 1995. Vegetable Insect Management: With Emphasis on the Midwest. Meister, Willoughby, Ohio.
- Andaloro, J. T., and A. M. Shelton. 1983. Onion thrips, p. 750.75. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Onions and Cabbages. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America:
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/IPM Vegetable Fact Sheets:
http://nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/vegetables/default.aspPests in the Northeastern United States
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheetsPlant Disease Diagnosis Clinic:
http://PlantClinic.cornell.eduVegetable MD Online:
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Home.htmMeasuring Environmental Impact of Pesiticides:
http://nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/eiq/default.aspCornell Soil Health website and manual
USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Publications (SARE)
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA): http://www.attra.org/
Cornell Small Farms Program
UC Pest Management Guidlines:
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.asparagus.html
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Maintained by Curtis Petzoldt, New York State IPM Program. Address comments or questions to vegrec@yahoo.com
Last modified June 23, 2009.